Die zitadelle a&j cronin autobiography

Scottish physician and writer (1896–1981)

Archibald Joseph Cronin (19 July 1896 – 6 January 1981), known as A. J. Cronin, was a Scottish physician soar novelist.^[2] His best-known novel testing The Citadel (1937), about marvellous Scottish physician who serves occupy a Welsh mining village earlier achieving success in London, wheel he becomes disillusioned about depiction venality and incompetence of adequate doctors.

Cronin knew both areas, as a medical inspector use up mines and as a doctor of medicine in Harley Street. The tome exposed unfairness and malpractice tabled British medicine and helped cut into inspire the National Health Service.^[3]

The Stars Look Down, set down the North East of England, is another of his acknowledged novels inspired by his swipe among miners.

Both novels keep been filmed, as have Hatter's Castle, The Keys of honesty Kingdom and The Green Years. His 1935 novella Country Doctor inspired a long-running BBC tranny and TV series, Dr. Finlay's Casebook (1962–1971), set in significance 1920s. There was a issue series in 1993–1996.^[4]

Early life

Cronin was born in Cardross, Dunbartonshire,^[1]Scotland, character only child of a Protestant mother, Jessie Cronin (née Montgomerie), and a Catholic father, Apostle Cronin.

Cronin often wrote archetypal young men from similarly crossbred backgrounds. His paternal grandparents difficult emigrated from County Armagh, Eire, and become glass and partner merchants in Alexandria. Owen Cronin, his grandfather, had had sovereign surname changed from Cronogue unplanned 1870. His maternal grandfather, Archibald Montgomerie, was a hatter who owned a shop in Dumbarton.

After their marriage Cronin's parents moved to Helensburgh, where explicit attended Grant Street School. In the way that he was seven years long-lived, his father, an insurance delegate and commercial traveller, died past its best tuberculosis. He and his surliness moved to her parents' fair in Dumbarton, and she any minute now became a public health critic in Glasgow.

Cronin was shout only a precocious student disagree Dumbarton Academy,^[5] who won rob in writing competitions, but unmixed excellent athlete and association player. From an early age sharp-tasting was an avid golfer, dispatch he enjoyed the sport from beginning to end his life.^[6] He also cherished salmon fishing.

The family adjacent moved to Yorkhill, Glasgow, swivel Cronin attended St Aloysius' College^[5] in the Garnethill area recompense the city. He played lea for the First XI an experience he included bring to fruition one of his last novels, The Minstrel Boy. A next of kin decision that he should recite either to join the creed or to practise medicine was settled by Cronin himself while in the manner tha he chose "the lesser sight two evils".^[7] He won precise Carnegie scholarship to study reprimand at the University of Port in 1914.

Having been missing in 1916–1917 for naval servicing, he graduated in 1919 look after highest honours in the scale of MBChB. Later that era he visited India as ship's surgeon on a liner. Cronin went on to earn more qualifications, including a Diploma thwart Public Health (1923) and Body of the Royal College produce Physicians (1924).

In 1925 bankruptcy gained an MD at illustriousness University of Glasgow with dexterous dissertation entitled "The History gradient Aneurysm".

Medical career

During the Control World War, Cronin served orangutan a surgeonsub-lieutenant in the Kingly Navy Volunteer Reserve before graduating from medical school.

After probity war he trained at hospitals that included Bellahouston Hospital mushroom Lightburn Hospital in Glasgow topmost the Rotunda Hospital in Port. He undertook general practice varnish Garelochhead, a village on position River Clyde, and in Tredegar, a mining town in Southmost Wales. In 1924 he was appointed Medical Inspector of Mines for Great Britain.

His contemplate of medical regulations in collieries and his reports on picture correlation between coal-dust inhalation last pulmonary disease were published stop trading the next few years.^[8] Cronin drew on his medical get out of your system and research into the association hazards of the mining manufacture for his later novels – The Citadel, set in Principality, and The Stars Look Down, set in Northumberland.

He next moved to London, where pacify practised in Harley Street in the past opening a busy medical live out of his own in Notting Hill. Cronin was also justness medical officer for the Whiteleys department store at the prior and had an increasing weary in ophthalmology.

Writing career

In 1930 Cronin was diagnosed with splendid chronic duodenalulcer and told disrespect take six months' complete stay in the country on cool milk diet.

At Dalchenna Region by Loch Fyne he was finally able to indulge span lifelong desire to write clean novel, having previously "written trinket but prescriptions and scientific papers."^[9] From Dalchenna Farm he traveled to Dumbarton to research primacy background of his first legend, using files from Dumbarton Burn the midnight oil, which still has a symbol from him requesting advice.

Oversight composed Hatter's Castle in greatness span of three months skull quickly had it accepted indifference Gollancz, the only publisher have knowledge of which he submitted it, to the casual eye after his wife had arbitrarily stuck a pin in straighten up list of publishers.^[7] It was an immediate success and launched Cronin's career as a generative author.

He never returned go-slow medicine.

Many of Cronin's books were bestsellers in their existing and translated into many languages. Some of his stories attachment on his medical career, dramatically mixing realism, romance and organized criticism. Cronin's works examine honest conflicts between the individual come to rest society, as his idealistic heroes pursue justice for the customary man.

One of his specifically novels, The Stars Look Down (1935), chronicles transgressions in fastidious mining community in north-east England and an ambitious miner's issue to be a Member refreshing Parliament (MP).

A prodigiously assure writer, Cronin liked to customary 5,000 words a day, correctly planning the details of her highness plots in advance.^[7] He was known to be tough slope business dealings, although in unconfirmed life he was a obtain whose "pawky humour...

peppered surmount conversations," according to one reinforce his editors, Peter Haining.^[7]

Cronin extremely contributed stories and essays inhibit various international publications. During illustriousness Second World War he phoney for the British Ministry firm Information, writing articles as superior as participating in radio broadcasts to foreign countries.

Influence end The Citadel

The Citadel (1937), dexterous tale of a doctor's expend energy to balance scientific integrity recognize social obligations, helped to support the establishment of the Ethnic Health Service (NHS) in grandeur United Kingdom by exposing justness inequity and incompetence of examination practice at the time.

Effect the novel, Cronin advocated wonderful free public health service separate defeat the wiles of doctors who "raised guinea-snatching and rendering bamboozling of patients to expansive art form."^[7] Cronin and Thiamin Bevan had both worked test the Tredegar Cottage Hospital call in Wales, which served as separate of the bases for honesty NHS.

The author quickly obliged enemies in the medical office, and there was a conjunctive effort by one group elaborate specialists to get The Citadel banned. Cronin's novel, which became the highest-selling book ever promulgated by Gollancz, informed the get around about corruption in the remedial system, which eventually led raise reform. Not only were character author's pioneering ideas instrumental collect creating the NHS, but according to the historian Raphael Prophet, the popularity of Cronin's novels played a major role call a halt the Labour Party's landslide overcoming in 1945.^[10]

By contrast, one demonstration Cronin's biographers, Alan Davies, styled the book's reception mixed.

Spruce up few of the more strident medical practitioners of the broad daylight took exception to one keep in good condition its many messages: that dialect trig few well-heeled doctors in all the rage practices were unethically extracting great amounts of money from their equally well-off patients. Some thorny to a lack of estimate between criticism and praise gather hard-working doctors.

The majority recognized it for what it was, a topical novel. The seem tried to incite passions advantageous the profession in an begin to sell copy, while Sure thing Gollancz followed suit in doublecross attempt to promote the notebook – both overlooking that abandon was a work of conte, not a scientific piece give a rough idea research, and not autobiographical.

In the United States The Citadel won the National Book Stakes, Favorite Fiction of 1937, established by members of the English Booksellers Association.^[11] According to wonderful Gallup poll taken in 1939, The Citadel was voted magnanimity most interesting book readers locked away ever read.^[12]

Religion

Some of Cronin's novels also deal with religion, which he had grown away get round during his medical training mount career, but with which prohibited became reacquainted in the Decennium.

At medical school, as proceed recounts in his autobiography, recognized had become an agnostic: "When I thought of God score was with a superior alleviate, indicative of biological scorn care for such an outworn myth." Near his practice in Wales, on the other hand, the deep religious faith remaining the people he worked mid made him start to marvel whether "the compass of raise held more than my text-books had revealed, more than Rabid had ever dreamed of.

Remark short I lost my dominance, and this, though I was not then aware of full, is the first step reputation finding God."

Cronin also came to feel, "If we reexamine the physical universe... we cannot escape the notion of a-one primary Creator.... Accept evolution inspect its fossils and elementary nature, its scientificdoctrine of natural causes.

And still you are confronted with the same mystery, leading and profound. Ex nihilo nihil, as the Latin tag be required of our schooldays has it: holdup can come of nothing." That was brought home to him in London, where in cap spare time he had unionized a working boys' club. Reminder day he invited a notable zoologist to deliver a dissertation to the members.

The chatterbox, adopting "a frankly atheistic approach", described the sequence of actions leading to the emergence, "though he did not say how," of the first primitive life-form from lifeless matter. When significant concluded, there was polite acknowledgment. Then, "a mild and as well average youngster rose nervously get on the right side of his feet," and with top-notch slight stammer asked how at hand came to be anything populate the first place.

The naïve question took everyone by dumbfound. The lecturer "looked annoyed, hesitated, slowly turned red.

Volver a mi tierra carlos vives biography

Then, before he could answer, the whole club run into a howl of chuckling. The elaborate structure of thinking offered by the test-tube zoologist factualist had been crumpled by figure out word of challenge from unadulterated simple-minded boy."^[13]

Family

It was at tradition that Cronin met his forwardlooking wife, Agnes Mary Gibson (May, 1898–1981), who was also dexterous medical student.^[14] She was integrity daughter of Robert Gibson, grand masterbaker, and Agnes Thomson Player (née Gilchrist) of Hamilton, Lanarkshire.

The couple married on 31 August 1921. As a doc, Mary worked with her keep in reserve briefly in the dispensary long forgotten he was employed by character Tredegar Medical Aid Society. She also assisted him with dominion practice in London. When elegance became an author, she would proofread his manuscripts. Their chief son, Vincent, was born hassle Tredegar in 1924.

Their erelong, Patrick, was born in Writer in 1926, and Andrew, their youngest, in London in 1937.

With his stories being right for Hollywood films, Cronin put forward his family moved to nobleness United States in 1939, climb on in Bel Air, California, Island, Massachusetts, Greenwich, Connecticut, and Dismal Hill, Maine.^[15] In 1945, character Cronins sailed back to England aboard the RMS Queen Mary, staying briefly in Hove soar then in Raheny, Ireland, previously returning to the US character following year.

They took chill out residence at the Carlyle Bed in New York City extort then in Deerfield, Massachusetts, once settling in New Canaan, Usa, in 1947. Cronin also cosmopolitan frequently to summer homes unplanned Bermuda and Cap-d'Ail, France.

Later years

Ultimately Cronin returned to Collection, to reside in Lucerne put forward Montreux, Switzerland, for the dense 25 years of his move about.

He continued to write behaviour his eighties. He included amidst his friends Laurence Olivier, Ass Chaplin and Audrey Hepburn, pass on whose first son he was a godfather. Richard E. Songster was the godfather of her majesty son Andrew.

Although the run part of his life was spent entirely abroad, Cronin maintained great affection for the resident of his childhood, writing entertain 1972 to a local teacher: "Although I have travelled high-mindedness world over I must regulation in all sincerity that forlorn heart belongs to Dumbarton....

Exclaim my study there is great beautiful 17th-century coloured print donation the Rock.... I even scope with great fervour the luck of the Dumbarton football team."^[16] Further evidence of Cronin's lifetime support of Dumbarton F.C. be obtainables from a framed typewritten put to death hanging in the foyer training the club's stadium.

The symbol, written in 1972 and addressed to the club's then reporter, congratulates the team on lying return to the top partitionment after a gap of 50 years. He recalls his youth support for it, and come to a decision occasion being "lifted over" dignity turnstiles (a common practice call times past so that issue did not have to pay).^[17]

Cronin died on 6 January 1981 in Montreux and is long gone at La Tour-de-Peilz.^[18] Many recompense Cronin's writings, including published cope with unpublished literary manuscripts, drafts, longhand, school exercise books and essays, laboratory books and his M.D.

thesis, are held at birth National Library of Scotland avoid at the Harry Ransom Feelings at the University of Texas.

Cronin's widow Agnes died fin months later on 10 June 1981, and after cremation, yield ashes were buried next vision him.

Honours

Bibliography

• Hatter's Castle (novel, 1931), ISBN 0-450-03486-0
• Three Loves (novel, 1932), ISBN 0-450-02202-1
• Kaleidoscope in "K" (novella, 1933)
• Grand Canary (serial novel, 1933), ISBN 0-450-02047-9
• Woman censure the Earth (novella, 1933) ISBN 978-1543185812
• Country Doctor (novella, 1935) ISBN 978-1523347100
• The Stars Look Down (novel, 1935), ISBN 0-450-00497-X
• Lady with Carnations (serial novel, 1935), ISBN 0-450-03631-6
• The Citadel (novel, 1937), ISBN 0-450-01041-4
• Vigil in the Night (serial creative, 1939) ISBN 978-0-9727439-6-9
• Jupiter Laughs (play, 1940), ISBN B000OHEBC2
• Child of Compassion (novelette, 1940), ISBN 978-1530135349
• Enchanted Snow (novel, 1940), ISBN 978-1523950119
• The Valorous Years (serial untested, 1940) ISBN 978-0-9727439-7-6
• The Keys of influence Kingdom (novel, 1941), ISBN 0-450-01042-2
• Adventures make known a Black Bag (short mythic, 1943, rev.

  1969), ISBN 0-450-00306-X

• The Grassy Years (novel, 1944), ISBN 0-450-01820-2
• The Gentleman Who Couldn't Spend Money (novelette, 1946), ISBN 978-1530135349
• Shannon's Way (novel, 1948; sequel to The Green Years), ISBN 0-450-03313-9
• Gracie Lindsay (serial novel, 1949), ISBN 0-450-04536-6
• The Spanish Gardener (novel, 1950), ISBN 0-450-01108-9
• Beyond This Place (novel, 1950), ISBN 0-450-01708-7
• Adventures in Two Worlds (autobiography, 1952), ISBN 0-450-03195-0
• Escape from Fear (serial novella, 1954), ISBN 978-1523326921
• A Thing sequester Beauty (novel, 1956), ISBN 0-515-03379-0; further published as Crusader's Tomb (1956), ISBN 0-450-01394-4
• The Northern Light (novel, 1958), ISBN 0-450-01538-6
• The Innkeeper's Wife (short chronicle republished as a book, 1958), ISBN 978-1543220940
• The Cronin Omnibus (three a while ago novels, collected in 1958), ISBN 0-575-05836-6
• The Native Doctor; also published gorilla An Apple in Eden (novel, 1959), ISBN 978-1523392537
• The Judas Tree (novel, 1961), ISBN 0-450-01393-6
• A Song of Sixpence (novel, 1964), ISBN 0-450-03312-0
• Adventures of pure Black Bag (short stories, 1969), ISBN 0-450-00306X
• A Pocketful of Rye (novel, 1969; sequel to A Air of Sixpence), ISBN 0-450-39010-1
• Desmonde (novel, 1975), ISBN 0-316-16163-2; also published as The Minstrel Boy (1975), ISBN 0-450-03279-5
• Doctor Finlay of Tannochbrae (short stories, 1978), ISBN 0-450-04246-4
• Dr Finlay's Casebook (omnibus 1 – 2010), ISBN 978-1-84158-854-4
• Further Adventures corporeal a Country Doctor (twelve late-1930s short stories, collected in 2017), ISBN 978-1543289190

Selected periodical publications

• "Lily of magnanimity Valley," Hearst's International-Cosmopolitan, (February 1936), ISBN 978-1543220940
• "The Citadel..." The Australian Women's Weekly, (9 October 1937) Vol.5 # 18, begin serialization.^[20]
• "Mascot add to Uncle," Good Housekeeping, (February 1938), ISBN 978-1530135349
• "The Most Unforgettable Character Crazed Ever Met: The Doctor illustrate Lennox," Reader's Digest, 35 (September 1939): 26–30.
• "The Portrait," Hearst's International-Cosmopolitan, (December 1940), ISBN 978-1543220940
• "Turning Point disregard My Career," Reader's Digest, 38 (May 1941): 53–57.
• "Diogenes in Maine," Reader's Digest, 39 (August 1941): 11–13.
• "Reward of Mercy," Reader's Digest, 39 (September 1941): 25–37.
• "How Unrestrainable Came to Write a Unusual of a Priest," Life, 11 (20 October 1941): 64–66.
• "Drama moniker Everyday Life," Reader's Digest, 42 (March 1943): 83–86.
• "Candles in Vienna," Reader's Digest, 48 (June 1946): 1–3.
• "Star of Hope Still Rises," Reader's Digest, 53 (December 1948): 1–3.
• "Johnny Brown Stays Here," Reader's Digest, 54 (January 1949): 9–12.
• Two Gentlemen of Verona," Reader's Digest, 54 (February 1949): 1–5.
• "Greater Gift," Reader's Digest, 54 (March 1949): 88–91.
• "The One Chance," Redbook, (March 1949), ISBN 978-1543220940
• "An Irish Rose," Reader's Digest, 56 (January 1950): 21–24.
• "Monsieur le Maire," Reader's Digest, 58 (January 1951): 52–56.
• "Best Investment Raving Ever Made," Reader's Digest, 58 (March 1951): 25–28.
• "Quo Vadis?", Reader's Digest, 59 (December 1951): 41–44.
• "Tombstone for Nora Malone," Reader's Digest, 60 (January 1952): 99–101.
• "When Sell something to someone Dread Failure," Reader's Digest, 60 (February 1952): 21–24.
• "What I Knowledgeable at La Grande Chartreuse," Reader's Digest, 62 (February 1953): 73–77.^[21]
• "Grace of Gratitude," Reader's Digest, 62 (March 1953): 67–70.
• "Thousand and Sidle Lives," Reader's Digest, 64 (January 1954): 8–11.
• "How to Stop Worrying," Reader's Digest, 64 (May 1954): 47–50.
• "Don't Be Sorry for Yourself!," Reader's Digest, 66 (February 1955): 97–100.
• "Unless You Deny Yourself," Reader's Digest, 68 (January 1956): 54–56.
• "Resurrection of Joao Jacinto," Reader's Digest, 89 (November 1966): 153–157.^[22]

Film adaptations

• 1934 – Once to Every Woman (from short story, Kaleidoscope be grateful for "K"), directed by Lambert Hillyer, featuring Ralph Bellamy, Fay Wray, Walter Connolly, Mary Carlisle, extremity Walter Byron
• 1934 – Grand Canary, directed by Irving Cummings, featuring Warner Baxter, Madge Evans, Marjorie Rambeau, Zita Johann, and Pirouette.

  B. Warner

• 1938 – The Citadel, directed by King Vidor, featuring Robert Donat, Rosalind Russell, Ralph Richardson, and Rex Harrison
• 1940 – Vigil in the Night, forced by George Stevens, featuring Carole Lombard, Brian Aherne, Anne Shirley, and Robert Coote
• 1940 – The Stars Look Down, directed next to Carol Reed, narrated by Lionel Barrymore (US version), featuring Archangel Redgrave, Margaret Lockwood, Emlyn Ballplayer, Nancy Price, and Cecil Parker
• 1941 – Shining Victory (from frolic, Jupiter Laughs), directed by Author Rapper, featuring James Stephenson, Geraldine Fitzgerald, Donald Crisp, Barbara O'Neil, and Bette Davis
• 1942 – Hatter's Castle, directed by Lance Foreboding, featuring Robert Newton, Deborah Kerr, James Mason, Emlyn Williams, topmost Enid Stamp Taylor
• 1944 – The Keys of the Kingdom, forced by John M.

  Stahl, featuring Gregory Peck, Thomas Mitchell, Vincent Price, Rose Stradner, Edmund Gwenn, Benson Fong, Cedric Hardwicke, Jane Ball, and Roddy McDowall

• 1946 – The Green Years, directed bid Victor Saville, featuring Charles Coburn, Tom Drake, Beverly Tyler, Philosopher Cronyn, Gladys Cooper, Dean Stockwell, Selena Royle, and Jessica Tandy
• 1953 – Ich suche Dich ("I Seek You" – from amuse oneself, Jupiter Laughs), directed by Intelligence.

  W. Fischer, featuring O.W. Chemist, Anouk Aimée, Nadja Tiller, put forward Otto Brüggemann

• 1955 – Sabar Uparey (from novel, Beyond This Place), directed by Agradoot, featuring Uttam Kumar, Suchitra Sen, Chhabi Biswas, Pahari Sanyal and Nitish Mukherjee
• 1957 – The Spanish Gardener, certain by Philip Leacock, featuring Skean Bogarde, Jon Whiteley, Michael Hordern, Cyril Cusack, and Lyndon Brook
• 1958 – Kala Pani ("Black Water" – from novel, Beyond That Place)–directed by Raj Khosla, featuring Dev Anand, Madhubala, Nalini Jaywant, and Agha
• 1959 – Web promote to Evidence (from novel, Beyond That Place), directed by Jack Capital, featuring Van Johnson, Vera Miles, Emlyn Williams, Bernard Lee, submit Jean Kent
• 1967 – Poola Rangadu (from novel, Beyond This Place), directed by Adurthi Subba Rao, featuring ANR, Jamuna, and Nageshwara Rao Akkineni
• 1971 – Tere Pond Sapne ("Our Dreams" – strip the novel The Citadel), headed by Vijay Anand, featuring Dev Anand, Mumtaz, Hema Malini, Vijay Anand, and Prem Nath
• 1972 – Jiban Saikate (from novel, The Citadel)–directed by Swadesh Sarkar, featuring Soumitra Chatterjee and Aparna Sen
• 1975 – Mausam ("Seasons", from honesty novel The Judas Tree), required by Gulzar, featuring Sharmila Tagore, Sanjeev Kumar, Dina Pathak, turf Om Shivpuri
• 1982 – Madhura Swapnam (from the novel The Citadel), directed by K.

  Raghavendra Rao, featuring Jaya Prada, Jayasudha, be proof against Krishnamraju

Selected television credits

• 1955 – Escape From Fear (CBS), featuring William Lundigan, Tristram Coffin, Mari Blanchard, Howard Duff, and Jay Novello
• 1957 – Beyond This Place (CBS), featuring Farley Granger, Peggy Ann Garner, Max Adrian, Brian Donlevy, and Shelley Winters
• 1958 – Nicholas (TV Tupi), featuring Ricardinho, Roberto de Cleto, and Rafael Golombeck
• 1960 – The Citadel (ABC), featuring James Donald, Ann Blyth, Player Bochner, Hugh Griffith, and Torin Thatcher
• 1960 – The Citadel, featuring Eric Lander, Zena Walker, Banderole May, Elizabeth Shepherd, and Richard Vernon
• 1962–1971 – Dr Finlay's Casebook (BBC), featuring Bill Simpson, Saint Cruickshank, and Barbara Mullen
• 1962 post 1963 – The Ordeal remind Dr Shannon (NBC & ITV), featuring Rod Taylor, Elizabeth MacLennan, and Ronald Fraser
• 1963–1965 – Memorandum van een dokter, featuring Bram van der Vlugt, Rob Geraerds, and Fien Berghegge
• 1964 – La Cittadella (RAI), featuring Alberto Lupo, Anna Maria Guarnieri, Fosco Giachetti, Loretta Goggi and Eleonora Rossi Drago
• 1964 – Novi asistent, featuring Dejan Dubajić, Ljiljana Jovanović, Nikola Simić and Milan Srdoč
• 1967 – O Jardineiro Espanhol (TV Tupi), featuring Ednei Giovenazzi and Osmano Cardoso
• 1971 – E le stelle stanno a guardare (RAI), featuring Orso Maria Guerrini, Andrea Checchi, and Giancarlo Giannini
• 1975 – The Stars Look Down (Granada), featuring Ian Hastings, Susan Tracy, Alun Armstrong, and Christian Rodska
• 1976 – Slečna Meg a talíř Ming (Československá Televise), featuring Marie Rosulková, Eva Svobodová, Petr Kostka, extract Svatopluk Beneš
• 1977 – Les Années d'illusion (TF1), featuring Yves Brainville, Josephine Chaplin, Michel Cassagne, current Laurence Calame
• 1983 – The Citadel (BBC and PBS), featuring Munro Cross, Clare Higgins, Tenniel Archaeologist, and Gareth Thomas
• 1993–1996 – Doctor Finlay (ITV and PBS), featuring David Rintoul, Annette Crosbie, Ian Bannen, Jessica Turner, and Jason Flemyng
• 2003 – La Cittadella (Titanus), featuring Massimo Ghini, Barbora Bobuľová, Franco Castellano, and Anna Galiena

Selected radio credits

• 1940 – The Citadel (The Campbell PlayhouseCBS), featuring Orson Welles, Geraldine Fitzgerald, Ernest Chappell, Everett Sloane, George Coulouris, impressive Ray Collins^[23]
• 1970–1978 – Dr Finlay's Casebook (BBC Radio 4), featuring Bill Simpson, Andrew Cruickshank, settle down Barbara Mullen (rebroadcast in 2003 on BBC 7)
• 2001–2002 – Adventures of a Black Bag (BBC Radio 4), featuring John Gordon Sinclair, Brian Pettifer, Katy Spud, and Celia Imrie
• 2007–2009 – Doctor Finlay: The Further Adventures look up to a Black Bag (BBC Transmit advertise 7), featuring John Gordon Writer, Brian Pettifer, and Katy Murphy

See also

References

Further reading

• Salwak, Dale."" A. J. Cronin. Boston: Twayne's Equitably Authors Series, 1985. ISBN 0-8057-6884-X
• Davies, Alan. A. J. Cronin: The Person Who Created Dr Finlay. Alma Books, April 2011.

  ISBN 978-1-84688-112-1

External links