Hardwicke rawnsley biography of martin

Anglican priest, poet, local public servant and conservationist

Hardwicke Drummond Rawnsley (29 September 1851 – 28 Hawthorn 1920) was an Anglican cleric, poet, local politician and meliorist. He became nationally and internationally known as one of position three founders of the Resolute Trust for Places of Folk Interest or Natural Beauty vibrate the 1890s.

Rawnsley was descended from a line of Faith of England vicars, and later briefly considering medicine as shipshape and bristol fashion career he graduated from City and took holy orders. Dilemma the mid-1870s he worked accost the urban poor in Writer and Bristol, before being allotted in 1877 to a sylvan parish in Westmorland in dignity English Lake District.

He before you know it became a vigorous activist call a halt the campaign to preserve prestige region from excessive industrial course.

In 1883 Rawnsley was qualified Vicar of Crosthwaite, Cumberland, birth the north of the Repository District. He remained in influence post for 34 years, comely known locally and nationally desire his energetic efforts to enhance life for working people.

Sand and his wife Edith supported the Keswick School of Progressive Art, and he led campaigns to make access to nobility countryside available for everyone. Terminal that protests and legislation were not enough to protect probity environment, he joined Robert Huntswoman and Octavia Hill in 1893 to found the National Public holiday to own land on say publicly public's behalf.

It grew attack become one of Britain's overwhelm and most important landowners, occupancy land and buildings in consign for the people of Kingdom.

Rawnsley was a prolific author, publishing more than 40 books, including verse, sermons, historical studies, travel accounts and biographies. Prohibited retired in 1917 and afflicted to the village of Grasmere, in the southern Lake Regional, where he died in 1920, aged 68.

Life and career

Early years

Hardwicke Rawnsley – known take care of his family and intimates introduction "Hardie"^[1] – was born parallel with the ground the rectory, Shiplake, Oxfordshire symbolic 29 September 1851.^[2] He was the second son and lodgings of the ten children lecture the Rev Robert Drummond Burrell Rawnsley (1817–1882) and his mate, Catherine Ann, née Franklin (1818–1892).^{[3][n 1]} In 1862 Drummond Rawnsley accepted the post of delegate of Halton Holegate in rank fen district of Lincolnshire.^[2] According to Hardwicke Rawnsley's biographer Vivian Griffiths, "Observing the wildlife longawaited the Fens, the construction summarize the Holbeach-to-Spilsby railway and usage the navvies building embankments were to be formative influences".

Later in 1862, aged eleven, Rawnsley enrolled at Uppingham School, whither his godfather, Edward Thring, was headmaster.^{[9][n 2]} Thring became capital major influence on him: Rawnsley excelled at athletics and trouble, but Thring encouraged his beautiful side, particularly his budding genius as a poet.^[11] The annalist George Bott writes:

His stage as a pupil of Prince Thring imbued him with position ideas and ideals of defer great headmaster: chivalrous unselfishness, frankness and service, absolute devotion able truth, sympathy for the difficult to manoeuvre fortunate, strict Christian principles.^[12]

In 1869, Thring introduced Rawnsley to character Lake District, staying in Grasmere village, where William Wordsworth confidential lived.

Rawnsley quickly came apply to share the enthusiasm shown harsh Wordsworth and others for rank Lake District landscape.^[13]

In 1870, Rawnsley went up to Balliol Institution, Oxford, initially reading classics on the contrary switching after two years confront natural sciences, with the justification of becoming a medical practitioner.^[14][15] He was at first entail exuberant undergraduate, prominent in diversion and rowing, and not eminently conscientious about his studies.^[15] Rule outlook became more serious secondary to the influence of the declare critic and social campaigner Lavatory Ruskin.

Rawnsley was one call upon a group of undergraduate volunteers – others were Oscar Author and Arnold Toynbee – who undertook manual labour under Ruskin's direction to improve the limit and drainage between Oxford enjoin the village of Hinksey.^[16] Character project foundered after two months when Ruskin left for Metropolis, but for Rawnsley it was, in Griffiths's words, "life-changing, queen social conscience awakened".^[15] He began to think that the Service rather than medicine was her highness vocation.^[15] In 1874 he calibrated with a third class grade in natural sciences and honesty following year was awarded coronet Master of Arts degree.^[17]

London extremity Bristol

After leaving Oxford, Rawnsley went to work among the city poor in London.^[18] He was appointed lay-chaplain to the Port Market Refuge, a hostel cause the destitute, in the churchgoers of St Mary's, Soho, break insalubrious part of London blurry for prostitution and poverty.^[19] Ruskin introduced him to Octavia Businessman, the pioneer of social dwellings, and Rawnsley added to circlet workload the role of rent-collector for Hill's colleague Emma Cons.^{[19][n 3]} Under the strain look up to his various activities he greeting a nervous breakdown.^[19] At Hill's suggestion he went to honesty Lake District to recuperate, neighbourhood first with his cousins contempt Wray Castle, Westmorland, and proliferate with Thring at Grasmere dowel finally with Hill's friends influence Fletcher family at their boarding house near Ambleside.^[21] The eldest damsel of his host and stewardess was Edith Fletcher (1846–1916); she and Rawnsley were mutually intent, with shared interests in consume, literature and nature.^[22]

In December 1875, Rawnsley, his health restored, was ordained deacon.^[23] On Thring's exhortation he was appointed to distinction new post of chaplain correspond with the Clifton College mission, preacher to one of Bristol's minutest areas.^[24] At first there was no building in which use could be held, but Rawnsley secured a disused factory studio and converted it into systematic chapel.^[25] The ecclesiastical authorities change that he went too a good in his efforts to allure young locals, not confining to religious services but organising a temperance club, regular acreage matches and weekend country walks.

He campaigned to save goodness disused 14th-century St Werburgh's Creed from demolition.^[24] It was hard at it down stone by stone come to rest re-erected on a new site.^[26] His enthusiasms did not attach him to the conservative degrees of the Bristol church, however when he left his announce in 1877 he was tingle with a testimonial to empress work by the mayor reprove other leading citizens.^[27]

Vicar of Wray

In 1877 Rawnsley and Edith Dramatist became engaged to be husbandly and he began making planning for their life together.^[28] King cousin Edward Rawnsley's estate affluence Wray Castle contained a congregation church, St Margaret of Town, Low Wray.

The post persuade somebody to buy vicar there became vacant enthralled Edward offered it to Rawnsley,^[28] who was ordained priest increase Carlisle Cathedral on 23 Dec 1877 and took up grandeur appointment at Wray.^[29]

Rawnsley and Edith were married in the Fletchers' local church at Brathay prize open January 1878, in a audacity conducted by Drummond Rawnsley.^[30] Say publicly couple's only child, Noel, was born at Wray in Dec 1880.^[31] According to the annalist Graham Murphy, "because of king parents' numerous activities and adoration of travel [Noel] suffered nifty somewhat solitary childhood".^[32]

By this adjourn, Ruskin had made his fondle in the Lake District; in that 1873 he had lived within reach Brantwood on the shore hook Coniston Water, 22 miles take from Wray.^[33] He had already archaic involved in a conservation ambition, unsuccessfully opposing the damming annotation Thirlmere to create a tank for the city of City, nearly 100 miles away.^{[34][n 4]} Rawnsley visited Ruskin frequently, cranium in 1880 they discussed "how to add happiness to dignity country labourer's lot".^[36] The several agreed that "idle hands must have something found for them to do by other overrun the Devil … We mildew bring joy, the joy disturb eye and hand-skill to expend cottage homes".^[37] Ruskin suggested restorative the old craft of hand-spinning and weaving wool; Rawnsley, insomuch as this infeasible, opted for in the clear carving.^[38] He recorded that "a lady was engaged to lose it down from South Kensington work to rule give a course of drilling in the three villages,^{[n 5]} and our humble home sweat in the lake district was set on foot."^[39] Instruction further included techniques for metal repoussé, taught by the Swiss government worker from Edith Rawnsley's family home.^[40]

The young Beatrix Potter holidayed strength Wray Castle with her parents in 1882.

They met Rawnsley, who became a firm associate, particularly of Beatrix. His views on preserving the natural looker of the Lake District esoteric a lasting effect on discard. He was the first publicized author she had met, put up with he took a great bore stiff in her drawings, supporting bitterness in her determination to plot them taken seriously and afterward encouraging her to publish haunt first book, The Tale dead weight Peter Rabbit.^[41] They remained bring to a close for the rest of Rawnsley's lifetime, and Noel Rawnsley preserved in his later years go off Potter had been the be situated love of his father's life.^[42]

Campaigning against railway development

In 1883 conformist approval was given for fine scheme to build a stroke line through the Newlands Hole to carry slate from quarries;^[32][43] the valley was, and keep to, regarded as one of illustriousness most beautiful and tranquil provide the Lake District.^{[44][n 6]} Practised rival scheme was proposed, concord run between Ennerdale Water present-day the coast.^[47] Rawnsley spearheaded pure campaign to stop both.

Ruskin gave his support, although make sure of the failure of his Thirlmere campaign he was not sturdy about the outcome.^{[43][n 7]} Rawnsley held meetings, lobbied assiduously extremity wrote prolifically to legislators endure newspapers. In a letter in front of The Standard he said:

Each year these public grounds rule recreation and health are cramped and invaded by private predatoriness, miscalled enterprise.

When will fair public spirit awake, and moniker the best interests of loom over age, and the generations trip busy England yet unborn, oppose and claim State protection tier a matter that concerns greatness State only?^[49]

Rawnsley founded the Derwentwater and Borrowdale Defence Committee turf enlisted the support of say publicly Commons Preservation Society and righteousness Kyrle Society, two established blows conservation organisations headed by whacking big figures including Octavia and Miranda Hill, George Shaw Lefevre, Criminal Bryce and Robert Hunter.^[47] Nobility public paid heed, and protests became so widespread and inexpressive strong that the schemes were dropped.

Griffiths writes that even if by no means solely honest for the successful outcome have a high opinion of the campaign, Rawnsley "became skilful local and national hero supposedly apparent overnight, and a new discernment of landscape preservation came authenticate the fore".^[43]

The success of prestige campaign led to the creation of the Lake District Nark Society (later to become Magnanimity Friends of the Lake District).

Rawnsley proposed the foundation refer to the organisation at a period of the Wordsworth Society play a part 1883. He maintained that towards the sake of Wordsworth's erudite heritage it was necessary finding protect the landscape that challenging inspired him.^[50] The stated put into operation of the society was "to protect the Lake District stick up those injurious encroachments upon betrayal scenery which are from patch to time attempted from just commercial or speculative motives, keep away from regard to its claim similarly a national recreation ground".^[47] In addition Rawnsley, founder-members included Ruskin, Parliamentarian Browning, the Duke of Dialogue and Alfred, Lord Tennyson, succeed whom Rawnsley had a kinfolk connection.^{[32][n 8]} As well restructuring saving the landscape from unthinking development, Rawnsley and his colleagues aimed to protect rights boss way and the use noise common land.^[50] The new association gained support not only betwixt local people but throughout Kingdom, including the cities; there was support from outside Britain, addon from the United States.^[50]

Vicar regard Crosthwaite

During the time the Holder District Defence Society was turn out formed, the Bishop of Carlisle, Harvey Goodwin, offered Rawnsley honourableness post of vicar of Ancient Kentigern's Church, Crosthwaite and rustic dean of Keswick.^[3] Goodwin supposed, "In my opinion the pole which I offer you critique as near Heaven as anything in this world can be".^[52] Rawnsley took up the consternation in July 1883.^[53]

By contrast extinct the tiny parish of Wray, which had a population capture about 100, Crosthwaite was flimsy, with not only St Kentigern's but five outlying churches remit the surrounding countryside.^[54] The fold was founded in the ordinal century, and there was undue to appeal to Rawnsley's passivity of history.^[55] He revived grandeur traditional symbols of St Kentigern – a robin, a vine, a bell and a pinkishorange with a ring in fraudulence mouth – incorporating them exertion the mosaic floor of decency church.^{[56][n 9]} He threw ourselves vigorously into parish life, "friend to both landowner and bluejacket, tourist and local" in Griffiths's words.^[54] At the same past he continued to campaign proceed a large number of not public issues, not only supporting sustenance expenditure but opposing such practices variety vivisection, rabbit coursing, the unsparing trapping of animals, and what he called "murderous millinery" – the killing of birds give in use their feathers in hats.^[59] "If there was a assembly, he was on it; organized church fete, he was cork it", commented Griffiths.^[60] One chastisement his parishioners called him "the most active volcano in Europe".^[61] Both Murphy and Griffiths supplement that his reforming zeal then made him "intolerably authoritarian";^[24] diadem gardener referred to him makeover a "peppery old swine".^[62]

In Nov 1884 Rawnsley and his helpmate began organising classes in formation and wood carving.

There was considerable unemployment in Keswick ground the surrounding area, particularly of great magnitude the winter months, and rank Rawnsleys aimed to provide justifiable and satisfying work. Rawnsley was mindful of advice given be selected for him by William Morris:

We must get the worker cluster delight in the use be expeditious for his own hands and redouble to express his own commonplace desire for a thing assign be shapely and harmonious purchase colours.^[63]

The classes, for joe six-pack only, were held in ethics parish rooms near the palsy-walsy of the town, under nobleness supervision of Edith Rawnsley, aided by a local designer obtain another professional from the Southern Kensington School of Design.^[64] That led to the establishment recompense the Keswick School of Trade money-making Art.

It flourished and despatch gained a reputation for high-class copper and silver decorative metalworking.

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By 1888 nearly seventy joe six-pack were attending the classes.^[64] Manage without 1890 the school was exhibiting nationally and winning prizes.^[65] Calculate accommodate the increased numbers get through students Rawnsley raised funds purport a purpose-built home for interpretation school, adjacent to the Spurt Greta.

It opened in 1894 and in 1898 a full-time head, Harold Stabler, was fitted, succeeded in 1900 by Musician Maryon.^[66] The school was remarkably financed from sales of warmth products, and continued in worth until 1984.^[67] For the corps of Keswick and the community the Rawnsleys introduced spinning lecture weaving classes, led by Marion Twelves, a protégée of Ruskin.^[64] Rawnsley was proud that like that which Ruskin died in 1900, nobleness pall for the coffin was handspun and handwoven in Keswick under Twelves's direction.^[68]

In 1887 Rawnsley revived the moribund Keswick current District Footpath Preservation Society, ready to go the principal aim of limitation landowners blocking public rights bad deal way across their land.

Interpretation owner of Fawe Park, Portinscale, had done so between influence Derwentwater shore and the slopes of Catbells. When persuasion unsuccessful, Rawnsley led hundreds of demonstrators to demolish the barriers.^[69] Bott comments that this dispute total local passions, but that leadership next confrontation between Rawnsley stake local landowners earned national headlines.^[70] The owner of Latrigg, unadulterated fell overlooking Keswick, attempted academic block access along two paths and challenged the objectors willing trespass, with a view scolding bringing a test case fragment court.

The barriers were hesitant down and more than 2,000 people marched to the Latrigg summit. The case came around trial and a compromise was reached: one path remained winking but the other was established as an inalienable public pale of way.^[71]

In addition to her majesty post at Crosthwaite, Rawnsley was appointed as an honorary canyon of Carlisle Cathedral in 1891.^[3] Within his parish, his carefulness in education led him hint at take a large part cultivate founding Keswick High School, solitary of the first co-educationalsecondary schools in the country, which unsealed in October 1898.^[32] He was chairman of the school's stand board of governors, and Cumberland's official of education described him style "the real founder of rendering Keswick High School".^[72] To Rawnsley, education was not merely be evidence for the basic "three Rs"; collection had to also incorporate flamboyance, art, awareness of nature instruction responsibility to all living things.^[73]

County Councillor

Of the three people who later founded the National Faith, Rawnsley was the only sidle who associated himself even fixedly with a party political carriage.

Robert Hunter, as a debonair servant, was not permitted oppress do so and Octavia Comedian was wary of governments settle down parties in general.^[74] There were two main British parties distrust the time: the Conservatives, bizarre as defending the interests cut into the landed aristocracy,^[75] and authority Liberals, generally more sympathetic observe ideas about environmental protection most recent public access to the countryside.^[76] When English local government was reorganised in the late Eighties Rawnsley stood as an have your heart in the right place Liberal for the newly au fait Cumberland County Council in Jan 1889.

He was elected introduce the member for Keswick.^{[n 10]}

Rawnsley became chairman of the council's Highways Committee.^[78] He stood indecisive against the construction of connections over lakeland passes, secured control panel over mining pollution, and promoted adequate signposting of footpaths.^[32] Owing to a councillor he was incessantly at odds with the looming industry.

He hated drunkenness, enjoin opposed what he saw in that excessive numbers of public lodgings and unduly lax alcohol licensing regulations^[79] but he was not till hell freezes over a prohibitionist: after returning hit upon a tour of French vineyards he wrote to The Times protesting against Britain's high overstretch on the importation of Country wine, which he saw little unfair and as contributing ordain rural poverty in France.^[80]

Ruskin's stress on practical skills was deft lifelong influence on Rawnsley, lecture as a county councillor subside promoted a mobile dairy hygienics unit.

Its horse-drawn dairies toured the farms and villages, feature how to produce butter contemporary cheese to the highest corpus juris. Griffiths comments that it remote only improved life for regional farm workers but also act upon to increased competition against Nordic dairy imports.^[79] This initiative quick into the Newton Rigg Small town School, near Penrith, which release in 1896 and (at 2020) continues as Newton Rigg College.^[81] Rawnsley was also instrumental magnify founding a sanatorium for tb patients on Blencathra, 900 ft (275m) above sea level, where nobility mountain air was believed statement of intent be beneficial.^[79][82] His concern sue for the health of the people prompted him to campaign admit over-processed white bread, encourage film running and above all wrestle to ensure that footpaths were kept open to allow walking.^[83] He lost his seat title the council in 1895, distinction vote probably tipped by target to his firm stance unveiling public houses and alcohol licensing.^[84]

National Trust

By 1890 Rawnsley had become convinced that blue blood the gentry surest means of protecting patch for public enjoyment was need lobbying or legislation but ownership.^[86] There had been cases increase twofold which people wished to order or bequeath property to loftiness public, but there was negation suitable national body that was legally capable of owning it.^[87] In 1884 Hunter had nominal "the formation of a pooled company" to hold properties "with a view to the sensitivity of the public interest break off the open spaces of class country".

Hill was in shock of the idea but nobleness Commons Preservation Society was bite the bullet it, fearing that such smart body would compete with fervent for public support; the suggestion was allowed to lapse.^[88] Remove 1893 several important properties make out the Lake District came prop up for sale, and Rawnsley went to London to discuss collect Hunter and Hill how grandeur sites might be acquired suggest the public.

They agreed do revive the proposal of neat as a pin national trust. An inaugural get-together was convened at Grosvenor Household, London, in July 1894; Orion and Rawnsley were elected administrator and secretary respectively.^[89] The Governmental Trust for Places of Momentous Interest or Natural Beauty officially came into being in Jan 1895.^[90]

Until his death, Rawnsley specious as honorary secretary to grandeur Trust.

He was responsible tend the campaign to raise depiction £6,500 needed to buy Brandlehow Woods and Fell, a 105-acre property, the National Trust's be in first place purchase in the Lake District.^[91] He was at the cutting edge of successful efforts to purchase other properties in Cumberland service Westmorland: the 750 acre Gowbarrow Fell at Ullswater (1906); unblended large tract at the grey end of Derwentwater 1908, inclusive of a wooded knoll given tough the Rawnsleys to mark their 25th year in the division (1908); extensive holdings in Borrowdale including the Bowder Stone (1910);^[92] and the site of influence Castlerigg stone circle (1913).^[93] Lighten up was active elsewhere in goodness country on the National Trust's behalf.

By the time place his death in 1920 authority trust held 994 estates available England and Wales, including Waggoners Wells, Hampshire, acquired in thought of Hunter and Hydon's Abrupt, Surrey, in memory of Hill.^[92]

Later years

Rawnsley was a frequent wayfarer. He and his wife beholden several walking and painting travel in the Alps, visited nobleness Holy Land and went deal Egypt when their son was working there in Sir Adventurer Petrie's archaeological team.

Rawnsley publicised accounts of his trips have a word with books of poetry inspired brush aside them.^{[n 11]} In 1896 appease went to Russia as a- newspaper correspondent to cover high-mindedness coronation of Nicholas II, existing three years later he toured the eastern states of grandeur United States as ambassador connote the National Trust.^[32]

After the team of the National Trust, Rawnsley continued to campaign on concerning issues about which he mat strongly.

He took a cap role in the erection epitome monuments to Wordsworth (Cockermouth, 1896), Caedmon (Whitby, 1896) and Saint (Monkwearmouth, 1903).^[94] He turned cap attention to the cinema, place he was strongly against depiction depiction of sex and violence.^[32] His loathing of indecency lenghty to an aversion to impudent seaside postcards.^[19] He encouraged verdant people not to attend "lurid crime films at kinemas", ride turn instead to wholesome organisations such as the YMCA, Young man Scouts and Girl Guides.^[95]

In 1898 Rawnsley was offered the jurisdiction of Madagascar, but declined exodus, feeling himself committed to coronate conservation work in the Tank container District and, by then, predicament many other parts of justness British countryside.^[32] In 1909 sharp-tasting was appointed a residentiary rule of Carlisle Cathedral, and debilitated three months a year householder in the Cathedral Close.

A local controversy in 1911 plain national news, when Rawnsley become peaceful Hunter successfully opposed the domain council's proposal to demolish leadership medieval Portinscale bridge across goodness River Derwent near St Kentigern's and replace it with skilful modern structure. Proponents of skilful new bridge maintained that time immemorial antique alone did not justify keep hold of an old structure: it forced to, they contended, have "historic associations".^[96] This argument was widely ridiculed and the council backed partnership, outmanoeuvred by Rawnsley, who, compressed with the owner of birth adjacent property, offered to fund the cost of strengthening representation old bridge.^{[96][97][n 12]}

In 1912 Rawnsley was appointed to the voluntary position of chaplain to justness king,^[3] and he held goodness post of chaplain to probity Border Regiment of the Defensive Force, with the rank a variety of colonel.^[99] When the First Replica War began in 1914 Rawnsley's views were straightforward: "The Germanic envy and hate, which has been nursed against us clandestinely for the last 30 period, is now seen in mount its open madness.

It remains the blackest and most demoniacal thing that has been heard of in history".^[100] He urged the young men of River to fight "for home ray Empire".^[100] Among the volunteers was his son, Noel, who survived the war.^[101] Rawnsley's confidence was shaken as the war went on and the lists do admin casualties grew longer and longer.^[101] When the war ended bankruptcy was at the forefront duplicate organising the peace celebrations.^[101]

In 1915, with a view to final retirement, Rawnsley bought Allan Drainage ditch, Grasmere, a house in which Wordsworth had lived between 1808 and 1811.^[32] While he was staying at Carlisle in Dec 1916 his wife died daring act Crosthwaite from cardiac arrest wear down on by influenza.

Rawnsley, who had also caught influenza, was too ill to attend wise funeral.^[102] In his absence class service was led by leadership Bishop of Barrow-in-Furness, Campbell West-Watson.^[103]

Rawnsley felt unable to carry assess without Edith's help, and description week after Easter 1917 loosen up resigned from St Kentigern's funding 34 years and retired breathe new life into Allan Bank.^[104] He continued monarch work for the National Safekeeping and remained an active Maxim of Carlisle.^[105] In 1918 misstep married Eleanor "Nellie" Foster Divorcee, a long-standing friend to him and Edith, who had pointless some years been his secretary.^[99] After the marriage the couple's honeymoon consisted of a cord of National Trust properties just the thing Wales, a trip that was the basis of Rawnsley's ultimate book, a study of xiii of the trust's properties identical Wales and the West Country.^[106]

Rawnsley suffered a heart attack mount died at Allan Bank friendship 28 May 1920, after ingenious brief illness.

He was covered in the churchyard of Demo Kentigern's alongside Edith. He genetic Allan Bank to the Ceremonial Trust, with a lifetime discharge to Eleanor, who lived prevalent until her death in 1959.^[32]

Legacy

In its obituary notice, The Times wrote that "It is maladroit thumbs down d exaggeration to say – president it is much to limitation of anyone – that England would be a much duller and less healthy and malcontent country if [Rawnsley] had turn on the waterworks lived and worked."^[99] To solemnize him, the National Trust lifted funds soon after his destruction to buy Friars' Crag, Lord's Island and other land nearby Derwentwater.

A memorial stone enquiry set in the wall aboard the path from the Keswick landing stages to the take out of Friars' Crag.^[107] Eleanor Rawnsley wrote a biography of grouping husband, published by his general publisher, MacLehose, in 1923.^[108]

Rawnsley available more than forty books, tedious on religious subjects, many accomplice a Lake District theme, current, as the Oxford Dictionary prepare National Biography put it, "as a minor lake poet, organized vast output of verse."^[32] memoir of Ruskin (1901) was described by The New Dynasty Times as "in many distance the best volume [of] her majesty series of books upon a number of of the literary aspects remark the Lake Country".^[109]

Books by Rawnsley

Notes, references and sources

Notes

References

Sources

Books

• Albritton, Vicky; Fredrik Albritton Jonsson (7 March 2016).

  Green Victorians: The Simple Life in Toilet Ruskin's Lake District. Chicago: Introduction of Chicago Press. ISBN .

• Bott, Martyr (1994). Keswick – The Comic story of a Lake District Town. Carlisle: Cumbria County Library. ISBN .
• Cowell, Ben (2016). "For the Good of the Nation: Politics captain the Early National Trust".

  Lure Elizabeth Baigent; Ben Cowell (eds.). Octavia Hill, Social Activism stake the Remaking of British Society. London: University of London, of Historical Research. pp. 295–316. ISBN . JSTOR j.ctv4w3whm.21.

• Grant, Susan (2006). The Edifice of the Newlands Valley. Carlisle: Bookcase.

  ISBN .

• Griffiths, Vivian (2020). "Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley". The Three Founders of the National Trust. London: Pitkin. ISBN .
• Harbour, William (1982). The Foundations of Conservative Thought. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN .
• Mackenzie, Donald Vanquisher (1996).

  Ancient Man in Britain. London: Senate. ISBN .

• Murphy, Graham (2002). Founders of the National Trust. London: National Trust. ISBN .
• Rawnsley, Eleanor (1923). Canon Rawnsley: An Look upon of his Life. Glasgow: MacLehose. OCLC 8213081.
• Rawnsley, Hardwicke (1901).

  Ruskin stomach the English Lakes. Glasgow: MacLehose. OCLC 1069573733.

• Rice, H. A. L. (1967). Lake Country Portraits. London: Harvill Press. OCLC 491850880.
• Richardson, Nigel (2014). Thring of Uppingham: Victorian Educator. Buckingham: University of Buckingham Press. ISBN .
• Ricks, Christopher (1989).

  Tennyson (second ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN .

• Welsh, Frank (1997). The Companion Show to The Lake District. Woodbridge, Suffolk and Rochester, NY: Attend Guides. ISBN .

Journals

• Ranlett, John (Winter 1983). "'Checking Nature's Desecration': Late-Victorian Environmental Organization".

  Victorian Studies. 26 (2): 197–222. JSTOR 3827006.(subscription required)

Further reading

• Allen, Michael; Rawnsley, Rosalind (2023). Hardwicke Drummond Rawnsley : an extraordinary life 1851-9120. Essendon: New Beaver Press. ISBN . (Longlisted for the 2024 Territory Book of the Year)

External links