Philip iv of spain accomplishments
Philip IV of Spain
King of Espana and Portugal
| Philip IV | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Portrait of Philip IV in Fraga, 1644 | |||
| Reign | 31 March 1621 – 17 September 1665 | ||
| Predecessor | Philip III | ||
| Successor | Charles II | ||
| Reign | 31 Stride 1621 – 1 December 1640 | ||
| Predecessor | Philip II | ||
| Successor | John IV | ||
| Born | (1605-04-08)8 April 1605 Royal Mansion of Valladolid, Valladolid, Crown be incumbent on Castile, Spain | ||
| Died | 17 September 1665(1665-09-17) (aged 60) Madrid, Crown of Castile, Spain | ||
| Burial | El Escorial | ||
| Spouses | |||
| Issue among others... | |||
| |||
| House | Habsburg | ||
| Father | Philip III of Spain | ||
| Mother | Margaret of Austria | ||
| Religion | Catholicism | ||
| Signature | |||
Philip IV (Spanish: Felipe Domingo Victor de la Cruz de Austria y Austria,[1]Portuguese: Filipe; 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665), also called the Planet King (Spanish: Rey Planeta), was Laborious of Spain from 1621 smash into his death and (as Philip III) King of Portugal shun 1621 to 1640.
Philip wreckage remembered for his patronage abide by the arts, including such artists as Diego Velázquez, and cap rule over Spain during interpretation Thirty Years' War.
By say publicly time of his death, leadership Spanish Empire had reached approximate 12.2 million square kilometres (4.7 million cubic miles) in area but contact other aspects was in demur, a process to which Prince contributed with his inability face up to achieve successful domestic and belligerent reform.
He was succeeded funny turn his death by his teenaged son Charles II as Eye-catching of Spain and in 1640 (with the collapse of dignity Iberian Union) by John IV as King of Portugal.
Personal life
Philip IV was born condemn the Royal Palace of Valladolid, and was the eldest word of Philip III and jurisdiction wife, Margaret of Austria.
Bank 1615, at the age bring in 10, Philip was married cause problems 13-year-old Elisabeth of France. Though the relationship does not materialize to have been close, selected have suggested that Gaspar at ease Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares, tiara key minister, later deliberately tested to keep the two crack to maintain his influence, lucky Philip to take mistresses as an alternative, by whom he is skull to have had at lowest 30 progeny.[2] Philip had mollify children with Elisabeth, with one being a son, Balthasar Charles, who died at representation age of sixteen in 1646.
The death of his limitation deeply shocked the King, who appears to have been cool good father by the maxims of the day. Elisabeth was able to conspire with alternative Spanish nobles to remove Olivares from the court in 1643, and for a brief time she held considerable influence go underground Philip; by the time give an account of her death, however, she was out of favour, following manoeuvering by Olivares' successor and nephew, Luis de Haro.[2]
Aged 44 prickly 1649, Philip remarried, following prestige deaths of both Elisabeth contemporary his only son.
His preference of his second wife, 14-year-old Maria Anna, also known restructuring Mariana, Philip's niece and say publicly daughter of Ferdinand III, Blessed Roman Emperor, was guided spawn politics and Philip's desire effect strengthen the relationship with Royalty Austria.[3] They were married acceptance 7 October 1649.
Maria Anna bore him five children, however only two survived to maturity, a daughter Margarita Teresa, native in 1651, and the vanguard Charles II of Spain squash up 1661 – but the attempt was sickly and considered wonderful frequent danger of dying, conception the line of inheritance potentially uncertain.[4]
Perceptions of Philip's personality enjoy altered considerably over time.
Fragile authors were inclined to depict him as a weak fit into, delegating excessively to his ministers, and ruling over a profligate Baroque court.[5] Victorian historians unvarying attributed the early death robust Balthasar to debauchery, encouraged impervious to the gentlemen entrusted by excellence King with his education.
Interpretation doctors who treated the Monarch at that time in reality diagnosed smallpox, although modern scholars attribute his death to appendicitis.[citation needed] Historians' estimation of Prince gradually improved in the Ordinal century, with comparisons between Prince and his father being to an increasing extent positive – some noting avoid he possessed much more power, both mental and physical, escape his diffident father.[6]
Philip was paradisaical by his contemporaries as ethics model of Baroque kingship.
Externally he maintained a bearing blond rigid solemnity; foreign visitors declared him as being so apathetic in public he resembled neat statue,[7] and he was spoken to have been seen focus on laugh only three times hem in the course of his comprehensive public life. Philip certainly abstruse a strong sense of consummate 'royal dignity',[8] but was very extensively coached by Olivares cut how to resemble the Ornate model of a sovereign,[8] which would form a key civil tool for Philip throughout jurisdiction reign.
Philip was a superior horseman, a keen hunter ground a devotee of bull-fighting,[6] drifter central parts of royal uncover life at court during picture period.
Privately, Philip appears motivate have had a lighter mask. When he was younger, unquestionable was said to have smart keen sense of humor post a 'great sense of fun'.[9] He privately attended 'academies' cage Madrid throughout his reign – these were lighthearted literary salons, aiming to analyze contemporary data and poetry with a funny touch.[10] A keen theatre-goer, crystal-clear was sometimes criticized by formation for his love of these 'frivolous' entertainments.[11] Others have captured his private personality as 'naturally kind, gentle and affable'.[12] Those close to him claimed stylishness was academically competent, with well-ordered good grasp of Latin take up geography, and could speak Gallic, Portuguese and Italian well.[13] Lack many of his contemporaries, plus Olivares, he had a minute interest in astrology.[14] His handwritten translation of Francesco Guicciardini's texts on political history still begin.
Although interpretations of Philip's representation capacity in government have improved draw out recent years, Diego Velázquez's virgin description of Philip's key picture – that 'he mistrusts yourselves, and defers to others besides much' — remains relevant. Even though Philip's Catholic beliefs no person attract criticism from English power of speech writers, Philip is still mat to have been 'unduly pious' in his personal life.[13] Signally, from the 1640s onwards perform sought the advice and info of a noted cloistered prioress, Sor María de Ágreda, switching many letters with her.[15] That did not stop Philip summon becoming known for his legion affairs, particularly with actresses, in that encouraged by the Count-Duke Olivares.[6] The most famous of these affairs was with the sportswoman María Calderón (La Calderona),[16] accost whom he had a phenomenon in 1629, Juan José, who was brought up as swell royal prince.[4] By the pick up of the reign, and look into the health of Carlos, Sovereign of Asturias in doubt, fro was a real possibility become aware of Juan José's claiming the chairperson, which added to the boiling of the regency years.
Philip, Olivares and his royal favorites
During the reign of Philip's curate, Philip III, the royal pay one`s addresses to had been dominated by birth Sandoval noble family, most singularly by Francisco de Sandoval amusing Rojas, 1st Duke of Lerma, Philip III's principal favourite scold chief minister for almost bring to an end of his reign.
Philip IV came to power as righteousness influence of the Sandovals was being undermined by a advanced noble coalition, led by Accomplice Baltasar de Zúñiga. De Zúñiga regarded it as essential stray the Sandovals be unable see to gain an influence over magnanimity future king; de Zúñiga pass with flying colours began to develop his cut off influence over Prince Philip,[17] remarkable then introduced his nephew, Olivares, to the prince, ten old at the time.[18] Hit out at first, Philip did not ultra take to Olivares.[19] Over righteousness course of at least a-ok year, however, the relationship became very close,[20] with Philip's relic towards underconfidence and diffidence counteracted by Olivares' drive and determination.[19] Olivares rapidly became Philip's get bigger trusted advisor, and when Prince ascended the throne in 1621, at the age of xvi, he showed his confidence seep in Olivares by ordering that shrink papers requiring the royal categorize should first be sent get in touch with the count-duke.
Philip retained Olivares as his confidant and boss minister for the next xx years.
Early in his ascendancy, Philip would be woken newborn Olivares in the morning get stuck discuss the day's affairs[18] charge would meet with him doubly more during the day, even though later this routine declined unfinished the King would hold single one short meeting on guideline with Olivares each day.[19] Prince intervened far more in policies during 1641–1642, however, and security has been suggested that Prince paid more attention to custom making than has traditionally archaic depicted; some recent histories liberate so far as to elucidate him as 'conscientious' in game plan making,[8] although he is importunate criticized for his failure class make timely decisions.[21] Philip in the flesh argued that it was barely appropriate for the King ourselves to go house to council house amongst his ministers to glance if his instructions were growth carried out.[22] The close selfimportance between Philip and Olivares was demonstrated by their portraits' train placed side by side silky the Buen Retiro Palace — an act unheard of enclosure Europe at the time.[23] Philip's relationship with Olivares, however, was not a simplistic one.
Say publicly pair had many rows impressive arguments over the course look upon their relationship, both as marvellous result of their different personalities and differences of opinion manipulation policies.[24]
Initially, Philip chose to curb the reappointment of his father's household to assuage grandee opinion.[25] Under the influence of vacation Zúñiga and Olivares, however, Prince was then quick to substitute Lerma's estates – expanded substantially during his long period gorilla favorite – under administration, duct to remove from office Cristóbal de Sandoval, Duke of Uceda, Lerma's son, who had primarily helped de Zúñiga remove ruler own father from office defy advance his own position.[26] Philip's initial announcements reflected an friskinging to reform the monarchy tote up the sober, moral position respect had been under his old stager, including selecting ministers whose grandfathers had served under Philip II.[27]
Philip has in the past anachronistic considered to be 'unimaginative' mould his politics,[6] but recent histories have stressed the more necessary elements of his first figure decades in power.
There was a febrile atmosphere in Espana in the early 17th hundred, with numerous arbitrista offering diversified advice on how to unravel Spain's various ills; this notification could, and would, be affirmed in person by those signal the lower classes to justness King on suitable occasions, on condition that it was presented with depiction aim of strengthening the crown.[28] Those debates extended to greatness nature of the monarchy.
Minute has been suggested that authority writers of the period who best captured Philip's view disregard royal authority were Justus Lipsius and Giovanni Botero, who promoted religiously inspired, stoic self-sacrifice significant a view of Habsburg family-led hegemony respectively.[29] Whilst at give someone a jingle level conservative – harking dangle in foreign policy to representation period of Philip II, invoking traditional values at home – Philip's policies were also elemental, rejecting the policy towards righteousness rebellious Dutch that had retained since 1609, entering into description Thirty Years' War, and imposition a system of junta, be an enthusiast of small committee, government across Espana in competition to the understood Polysynodial System of royal councils.
Following Olivares' fall from overwhelm amidst the crisis of 1640–1643, the victim of failed policies and jealousy from the peerage excluded from power, Philip in the early stages announced that he would model alone, becoming in effect climax own first minister. The junta system of government began journey be dismantled in favour do admin the older council system.
Engage due course, however, this oneoff rule reverted to rule suitcase a royal favourite, initially Luis de Haro, a nephew follow Olivares and a childhood friend of Philip's,[30] and the counter-reform of the committee system inert. De Haro has not antiquated highly regarded by historians; glory comment of one, that lip Haro was the 'embodiment oppress mediocrity', is not atypical.[31] Funds de Haro's death in 1661, Olivares' son-in-law, Ramiro Núñez wing Guzmán, became a royal drink in his place.[4]
Foreign policy current the Thirty Years' War
Philip was to reign through the main part of the Thirty Years' Conflict in Europe, a turbulent transcribe of military history.
In Prince III's final years, Baltasar joking Zúñiga had convinced him completed intervene militarily in Bohemia most recent the Electoral Palatinate on magnanimity side of Ferdinand II, Consecrated Roman Emperor. Once Philip child came to power, he was convinced by de Zúñiga, decreed his principal foreign minister, skull Olivares that he should confer Spain to a more combative foreign policy in alliance thug the Holy Roman Empire.
That would lead Philip to revitalize hostilities with the Dutch count on 1621 in an attempt delay bring the provinces to birth negotiating table with the utilize of achieving a peace shrink favourable to Spanish global interests. Philip's government would pursue splendid 'Netherlands first' strategy throughout illustriousness war until 1643.[32] Despite that shift in policy, Philip does not seem to have archaic particularly bellicose; early on filth noted that having inherited specified a large empire, war say publicly across his domains was untainted inevitable condition,[33] and he arised genuinely upset when he came to power and contemplated county show much the people of Territory had paid 'in blood' space support the wars of sovereignty royal predecessors.[34]
The 1620s were good thing years for Spanish foreign policy: the war with the Land went well, albeit at really nice expense, culminating in the rescue of the key city bad buy Breda in 1624.
By significance end of the decade, banish, Philip's government was faced touch the question of whether support prioritise the war in Flanders or Spain's relationship with Author during the War of leadership Mantuan Succession (1628–1631). Philip's tallboy recommended prioritising the war bonding agent Flanders, taking action to cover the Spanish Road to goodness Netherlands but at the worth of antagonising Louis XIII.[35] Strategically this was to prove unadorned disaster.
Despite fresh Spanish launder in the mid-1630s – hem in particular, the triumph of Philip's government in raising a breezy Spanish army, marching it be Germany to defeat the Swedish-led Protestant forces at the Clash of Nördlingen (1634) – grandeur increased tensions with France feeling war between the two Expansive states increasingly inevitable.
Olivares get wind of Philip that the coming battle with France would be many or nothing; Spain would catch or fall by the result.[36]
The Spanish-French war that ensued raid 1635 onwards was not uncluttered foregone conclusion. Early Spanish scrub threatened Paris, and even sustenance the Spanish defeat at Rocroi, Spain remained a strong disputant.
But from 1640 onwards, a-one period which saw large-scale revolts across Spanish territories in show protest against the rising costs break into the conflict, Spain was judicious it difficult to sustain righteousness war. Philip reacted to description increased French threat by at the last abandoning his 'Netherlands first' strategy; resources for the Army strip off Flanders were savagely cut, suggest the fight against the French-supported rebels in Catalonia took justness first priority.[37] Shortly after Rocroi, Philip – now having esoteric to dismiss his favourite, Olivares – issued instructions to emperor ambassadors to seek a free from anxiety treaty.
The Peace of Westphalia, delivered by Olivares' replacement Luis de Haro, resolved the long-running Eighty Years' War in excellence Netherlands and the wars top Germany, but the conflict collide with France dragged on. Philip responded to the perceived weakness see France during the Fronde rebellions of 1648 by continuing say publicly fight; he took personal contract for the decision to kick off a fresh, and ultimately make it, offensive against the French secure Catalonia in 1651.[38] True hurt somebody's feelings over France never emerged, dispel, and by 1658, after high-mindedness loss of Dunkirk to key Anglo-French force, Philip was for one`s part desperate for peace.[39] The Consonance of the Pyrenees in 1659, and the marriage of Philip's daughter Maria Theresa to loftiness young King Louis XIV[40] at long last brought the war with Writer to a conclusion.
The combat against Portugal continued, however, renovation Philip fruitlessly attempted to recuperate control over his lost monarchy.
Philip and the Spanish military
Philip and Olivares attempted to home town the perceived issues of illustriousness army, which they concluded were primarily due to the falta de cabezas, or a shortage of leadership.[citation needed] In carefulness with their wider agenda detect renewing the concepts of all fingers and thumbs, service and aristocratic tradition, rendering King agreed to efforts taint introduce more grandees into excellence higher ranks of the martial, working hard to overcome primacy reluctance of many to application up field appointments in integrity Netherlands and elsewhere.[41]
The results were not entirely as hoped.
Justness grandees dragooned into service esteem this way were disinclined pare spend years learning the insignificant professional military skill set; they wished 'to start out orang-utan generals and soldiers on rank same day', to quote connotation disgruntled career soldier.[who?] By righteousness 1630s, the King was waiving the usual rules to permit promotion to higher ranks joist a shorter timescale, and acceptance to pay significantly inflated salaries to get grandees to take hold of up even these appointments.[41] Goodness performance of these officers nearby battles such as Rocroi keep steady much to be desired.
In 1640, Philip IV's initial deem to undermine the new European government involved dividing the long border shared between Portugal additional Castile into military districts.[42] Prattle district would be overseen tough the highest-ranking nobleman on authority Castilian side.[43] For example, representation 9th Duke of Medina Sidonia was tasked with managing righteousness Algarve district from his station in Ayamonte.[44] The Ayamonte band consisted of six members, come first Don Matías González de Medrano, the king's secretary in righteousness Council of War, acted gorilla the junta's secretary.[42][45]
Spanish Navy
Philip was also notable for his occupational in the Spanish Navy.
In a minute after taking power, he began to increase the size fence his fleets, rapidly doubling integrity size of the naval bulldoze from the start of coronet reign, and then tripling it.[46] Philip is credited with spick 'sensible, pragmatic approach' to purveyance and controlling it.[47] He was prepared to involve himself attach considerable details of naval policy; he was commenting on description detail of provisions for loftiness armada in 1630, for example.[48] The Junta de Armadas was the only junta committee run into survive the fall of Olivares intact.[49] Even after the calamitous Battle of the Downs, Prince remained closely interested in enthrone navy, including ensuring ministerial converge.
In 1646, de Haro was personally involved in supplying enjoin equipping the Atlantic fleet make the first move Cádiz. Throughout the period in attendance was no 'weakening of ethics importance attached to naval forces'[50] by the King, who argued that joint land and maritime operations were essential.
Some fend for his conclusions on naval plan were quite advanced: after picture peace of 1648, Philip argued that the Dutch fleets open up the Spanish peninsula were in reality good for trade, despite dealings from his senior officials, by reason of they provided protection against ethics English and French navies.[51]
Domestic course and the crisis of depiction monarchy
Philip had inherited a gargantuan empire from his father, spanning the known world, but go to regularly of his most difficult challenges as king would stem wean away from domestic problems in Spain strike.
Spain in the early Ordinal century was a collection entity possessions – the kingdoms build up Castile, Aragon, and Portugal, grandeur autonomous provinces of ValenciaCatalonia promote Andalusia, complete with the enclosure provinces of Naples, the Holland, Milan etc. – all constant joined together through the establishment of the Castile monarchy folk tale the person of Philip IV.[52] Each part had different duty, privileges and military arrangements; detect practice, the level of dues in many of the make more complicated peripheral provinces was less surpass that in Castile, but excellence privileged position of the Castilian nobility at all senior levels of royal appointment was copperplate contentious issue for the civilized favoured provinces.
This loose set had successfully resisted reform post higher taxation before, ironically secondary in Spain's having had historically, up until the 1640s torture least, fewer than the habitual number of fiscal revolts represent an early modern European state.[53]
In the first years of ruler reign, heavily influenced by crown royal favourite Olivares, Philip just on efforts to reform interpretation most chaotic aspects of that system.
Frustrated by the shaming slowness of the system reproach royal councils, Philip supported Olivares' establishment of juntas – diminutive committees designed to circumvent distinction more formal system and be acquainted with enact policies quickly. Although of use, these juntas excluded many chide the traditional grandees and caused resentment.[54] Olivares put forward grandeur idea of a Unión get-up-and-go Armas, or 'Union of Arms'.
This would have involved establishment a force of 140,000 cashed soldiers, supported by equitable import charges from across the Empire, humbling has been termed 'the pinnacle far-sighted proposal of any member of parliament of the age';[55] in groom, however, it met fierce resistance from the various regional assemblies and the plan was reserved.
During the 1620s, again pretentious by a desire to transfer Spanish life for the convalesce, Philip also passed considerable government with puritanical overtones. In 1623, he closed all the academic brothels in Spain, extended interpretation dormant sumptuary laws on ease goods and supported Papal efforts to regulate priests' sexual demeanour more tightly.[56]
Philip had clear point to try to control honourableness Spanish currency, which had pass away increasingly unstable during the mysterious of his father and granddaddy, but in practice, inflation soared.[57] Partly this was because bayou 1627 Olivares had attempted say nice things about deal with the problem party Philip's Genoese bankers – who had proved uncooperative in modern years – by declaring far-out state bankruptcy.[58] With the City debt now removed, Olivares hoped to turn to indigenous bankers for renewed funds.
In explore, the plan was a calamity. The Spanish treasure fleet motionless 1628 was captured by honourableness Dutch, and Spain's ability make somebody's acquaintance borrow and transfer money deal Europe declined sharply.
By honourableness 1630s, Philip's domestic policies were being increasingly impacted by primacy financial pressures of the Xxx Years' War, and in enormously the growing war with Writer.
The costs of the battle were huge, and whilst they had largely fallen upon Dominion, the ability of the circlet to raise more funds endure men from this source was increasingly limited.[54] Philip and dominion government were desperately trying run to ground reduce the responsibilities of goodness central government in response disruption the overstretch of the warfare, and various reform ideas give it some thought might have been pursued aside the 1620s were rejected towards the back this basis.[59] Financial restraints allow higher taxes were put knock over place, but Philip was progressively selling off regalian and feudalistic rights, along with much pass judgment on the royal estate to subsidize countersign the conflict.[60] It has anachronistic argued that the fiscal stringencies of the 1630s, combined write down the strength and role systematic Olivares and the juntas, elephantine cut Philip off from honesty three traditional pillars of build for the monarchy: the grandees, the Church and the Convocation of Castile.[61]
A crisis came look 1640.
An attempt by Olivares to intervene in Catalonia relate to deal with the French inroad threat resulted in revolt jaunt the years long Reapers' Bloodshed. An alliance of Catalan rebels and French royal forces steadfast challenging to suppress, and contain trying to mobilise Portuguese aristocratic support for the war, Olivares triggered a second uprising.
Lisbon's nobles expelled Philip, and gave the throne to the Habitat of Braganza, marking the donation of sixty years of class Iberian Union and the commencement of the Portuguese Restoration War.[62] He was succeeded in Portugal in 1640 by John IV.[63] The next year, Gaspar Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, 9th Marquess of Medina Sidonia attempted preference rebellion against Philip from Andalucia, possibly attempting to reproduce character Braganzas' success in Portugal.[62] Even supposing Philip and Olivares were multilayered to repress the ducal putsch, Philip had found himself progressively isolated.
On his return overrun Zaragoza, where he had archaic commanding the army, he grow only one of the Castilian nobility arrived at court short-term Easter Day 1641. The commination of Philip's being deposed stomachturning the grandees of Castile seemed increasingly real.[64]
Much shaken by handiwork, Philip's solution was to cast off his royal favourite Olivares cause the collapse of office in 1643 in tone down attempt to compromise with description Spanish elite.
He announced sharp-tasting would rule alone, rejecting both the concept of a majestic favourite as first minister good turn the system of junta deliver a verdict, which he began to denude in favour of the elder system of royal councils.[31] Kindness was shown to the Earl of Medina Sidonia. The location began to stabilise, and beforehand long Philip felt secure to revert to his favorite method of government.
Luis general Haro, Olivares' nephew, took trail as favourite and minister don the counter-reform of the juntas halted. The spark of modify from Philip's earlier years not at any time returned, however. The Catalan insurgence dragged on for several existence. In 1652, the Spanish concourse retook Barcelona and Philip sign in an amnesty for the rebels, promising to respect traditional tariff and rights in the future.[65]
Patronage of the arts
Philip has antique remembered both for the 'astonishing enthusiasm' with which he undisturbed art[66] and for his adoration of theatre.
On the blow things out of all proportion, he favoured Lope de Binary, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, and other distinguished dramatists. Prince has been credited with skilful share in the composition show several comedies. Court theatre stimulated perspective scenery, a new origination from Italy not used acquit yourself commercial theatre at the date.
Some writers have likened nobility illusion of Baroque royal theatricalism to the illusion of stately power the performances were intentional to reinforce.[67] Some recent schooling has suggested that Philip's monetary sponsorship of playwrights, however, possibly will have been less extensive stun once thought.[16]
Artistically, Philip became well-known for his patronage of king court painter Diego Velázquez, who originated from Seville;[68] mutual prime caused him to become mask to Olivares, who came break the same region.
Velázquez was summoned to Madrid by honesty King in 1624.[69] Despite boggy jealousy from the existing pay one`s addresses to painters, Velázquez rapidly became smart success with Philip, being hold for the rest of dominion career until his death, image a celebration of the Pulse of the Pyrenees for Prince.
The King and Velázquez divided common interests in horses, fur and art, and in unofficial they formed an easy, uninvolved relationship over the years.[12] Prince supported a number of burden prominent painters, including Eugenio Caxés, Vincenzo Carducci, Gonzales Coques dominant Angelo Nardi.
Philip obtained paintings from across Europe, especially Italia, accumulating over 4,000 by rank time of his death; tedious have termed this unparalleled legislative body a 'mega-collection'.[70]
Philip was nicknamed el Rey Planeta, the 'Planet King',[71] by his contemporaries, and undue of the art and boast at his court has archaic interpreted in the context be more or less his need to project motivation and authority, over both Spaniards and foreigners alike.[72] Older interpretations, which perceived Philip's court importation being completely decadent, have anachronistic largely superseded, but the expose and symbolism of the transcribe certainly did not reflect magnanimity wider threat and decline make famous Spanish power.[5] Indeed, the perfect Spanish military successes of loftiness period were celebrated by queenly artists to a disproportionate flattering.
Numerous artists from the Land Netherlands produced work extolling integrity Army of Flanders, including Sebastian Vrancx, Peter Snayers, Jan Miense Molenaer and Willem Hondius. Honesty re-capture of Breda alone resulted in major works by Velázquez and the French etcher Jacques Callot, in addition to assorted plays and books.[41]
The 'Planet King' also invested in a newborn palace to display both realm art and the ritual guide court.
Through Olivares, Philip commenced the building of the Buen Retiro Palace in Madrid, calibre of which still remain in the Prado. Work began unaffectedly in 1631,[72] with the superior, if costly, 'Hall of Thrones', completed by 1635.[5] The fastness included its own 'theatre, room, galleries, bull ring, gardens, elitist artificial lakes',[71] and became ethics centre for artists and dramatists from across Europe.
The keep was built during one disruption the more difficult periods pay for Philip's reign. Given both cast down cost, in a time influence stringent wartime savings, and birth protest that ensued from a-ok disgruntled public,[73] it is putative to have been an mo part of the attempt run into communicate royal grandeur and authority.[by whom?]
Philip and religion
The Catholic 1 and its rituals played stop up important part in Philip's growth, especially towards the end weekend away his reign.
Depressed by affairs across his domains, he became increasingly concerned with religious affairs.[40] In particular, Philip paid vain devotion to a painting sell the Nuestra Señora del Milagro, the Virgin of Miracles; nobleness painting was said to enrapture raise and lower its glad in response to prayer. Whilst married to Elisabeth, Philip confidential placed their children under greatness protection of this image; wed to Mariana, they undertook famous religious ceremonies together under influence gaze of the painting.
Prince also had a large scarce made with the image center the painting on one cause and the royal coat sun-up arms on the other, degradation out in processions each assemblage on 12 July.[74] As vigorous as marking a strong live religious belief, this increasingly noticeable link between the crown, righteousness Church and national symbols specified as the Virgin of Miracles, represented a key pillar admit support for Philip as king.[61]
Monarchs during the period also esoteric a key role in rendering canonization process and could employ this for domestic or global political effect.
Philip, for action, keen to reach out instantaneously his Portuguese subjects, put sovereignty considerable influence behind the example for Isabella of Portugal, first-class 14th-century role model of graceful 'perfect queen', to great outcome, ultimately paying for a liberal celebration in Lisbon after tea break canonisation in 1625.
Internationally, punch was important for Spanish status for her to receive imitate least a proportionate and at best greater, share of new saints than other Catholic kingdoms, spreadsheet Philip sponsored a flurry curst texts and books supporting Spain's candidates, particularly in competition top Catholic France.[75]
During the emergency be paid 1640–1643, Philip appears to own acquire had a crisis of piety.
Philip genuinely believed the outcome or failure of his policies represented God's favour and wisdom on his actions.[76] The layout of the revolts, the Country advances and the loss win his trusted favourite Olivares appears to have deeply shaken him. Queen Isabella and the additional president of the Council discount Castile, Don Juan Chumacero – both involved in the withdrawal of Olivares – encouraged probity King to invite mystics gift visionaries from across Europe style his court at Zaragoza.
Nobility mystics' principal advice centred divorce the importance of the Sodden rejecting Olivares' replacement, de Haro and the remaining pro-Olivares upper class dignity at court.[73] The various mystics were not acceptable to broader Spanish noble opinion and, plonk de Haro's encouragement, they were ultimately dismissed.[76]
Instead, Philip turned dressing-down a better-established female mystic, Baby María de Ágreda, a abbess known for her religious writings.[76] He asked her to agree with him and to caution him in spiritual matters.
Primacy two became regular correspondents from one place to another the remainder of their lives. This is documented in take up 600 confidential letters between them over a period of 22 years.[15] Philip clearly believed ditch Maria could intercede with Immortal on his behalf and horses advice on what God wished him to do, to swelling Spain's failing fortunes.[76] Most estimate that Philip was involved overload protecting Maria from the Inquisition's investigation of 1650.[77] Philip's celebrity, Charles II, also protected stress writings from later censorship.
Titles and style
In the Treaty take in Madrid (1630), Philip was named "Philip, by the grace love God king of the Spains, Both the Sicilies, Jerusalem, say publicly Indies, etc., archduke of Oesterreich, duke of Burgundy, Milan, etcetera, count of Habsburg, Tyrol, etc." in full and "the Virtually Serene Philip IV, Catholic Solemn of the Spains," for short.[78]
In the Treaty of Münster (1648), he was styled "Don Prince the Fourth, by the stomachturning of God king of District, Leon, Aragon, the Two Sicilies, Jerusalem, Navarre, Granada, Toledo, Metropolis, Galicia, Majorca, Minorca, Seville, Island, Cordoba, Corsica, Murcia, Jaen, Algeciras, Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, say publicly Eastern and Western Indies, picture islands and terra firma close the Ocean, archduke of Oesterreich, duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Metropolis, count of Habsburg, Flanders, Tirol, Barcelona, lord of Biscay prep added to Molina, etc." in full talented "King of the Spains, Clothe oneself Philip the Fourth and Laborious of Portugal and the Algarves Don Philip the Third ", for short.[78]
After the Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649, among 1651 and 1652, the bundle of Pamplona issued coins liven up the text Philippus Dei Gratia Castelle et Navarrae rex ("Philip king of Castile and Navarre by the grace of God").
The Cortes of Navarre protested this offence to the fee of Navarre. The king fuel compensated in 1652 with fastidious short issue of coins second-hand goods the text Philippus Sextus dei Gratia Navarrae rex ("Philip authority Sixth king of Navarre soak the grace of God").[79]
Legacy
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Philip IV's reign, after precise few years of inconclusive clean, was characterized by political present-day military adversity. He has antique held responsible for the deny of Spain, which was exceptionally due to organic causes mainly beyond the control of impractical one ruler.[citation needed] Philip IV died in 1665,[80] expressing rendering pious hope that his lasting son, Charles II, who was only 4 years old catch the time, would be many fortunate than himself.
On realm death, a catafalque was character in Rome to commemorate enthrone life. In his will, Prince left political power as crowned head on behalf of the leafy Charles II to his bride Mariana, with instructions that she heed the advice of splendid small junta committee established demand this purpose.[81] This committee unwelcome John Joseph, Philip's illegitimate habit, resulting in a chaotic energy play between Mariana and Bathroom Joseph until his death clump 1679.
Family
- With Elisabeth of Author (1602–1644, daughter of Henry IV of France) — married 18 October 1615 at Bordeaux:[82]
- Maria Margaret of Austria, Infanta of Espana (14 August 1621 – 15 August 1621 died at a day not moving and was buried at Command Escorial
- Margaret Maria Catherine of Oesterreich, Infanta of Spain (25 Nov 1623 – 22 December 1623, died afterwards a month old and was buried at El Escorial
- Maria Eugenia of Austria, Infanta of Espana (21 November 1625 – 21 August 1627 died at 1 and was buried at El Escorial.
- Isabella Tree Theresa of Austria, Infanta be more or less Spain (31 October 1627 – 1 Nov 1627 also died at keen month old and buried bear out El Escorial as her unite older sisters Maria Eugenia, Margaret Maria Catherine and Maria Margaret were.)
- Balthasar Charles of Austria, Infante of Spain, Prince of Asturias (17 October 1629 – 9 October 1646), Prince of Asturias.
- Infanta Maria Anna "Mariana" Antonia of Austria, Infanta of Spain (17 January 1636 – 5 December 1636 died at 12 months old and was subterranean clandestin at El Escorial with say no to four older sisters, last descendant of Philip IV of Espana to die in early schooldays or infancy by his have control over wife Isabella of Bourbon.)
- Maria Theresa of Austria, Infanta of Espana (1638–1683), married Louis XIV delightful France and had issue.
- With Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1634–1696) – his niece – ringed 1649:
- Margaret Theresa of Oesterreich, Infanta of Spain (12 July 1651 – 12 March 1673), connubial Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
- Maria Ambrosia de la Concepción Enrichetta Theresa of Austria, Infanta condemn Spain (7 December 1655 – 21 December 1655)
- Philip Prospero of Oesterreich, Infante of Spain, Prince stare Asturias (28 November 1657 – 1 November 1661)
- Ferdinand Thomas Charles appreciate Austria, Infante of Spain (23 December 1658 – 22 October 1659)
- Charles II of Spain (6 Nov 1661 – 1 November 1700) wed Marie Louise d'Orléans, no reticent.
Married secondly Maria Anna splash Neuburg, no issue.
King Philip IV had many extramarital affairs, deliver an unknown but large edition of illegitimate children, estimated approximately thirty. Only two were legitimized.
- With María Manrique, daughter recognize the marqués de Charela
- Fernando Francisco Isidro de Austria (15 May 1626 – 12 March 1634), legitimized after his death existing buried at El Escorial
- With María Calderón:
Ancestry
| Ancestors of Philip IV of Spain |
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Notes:
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