Edward sheriff curtis biography

Edward S. Curtis

American ethnologist and lensman (1868–1952)

For other people named Prince Curtis, see Edward Curtis (disambiguation).

Edward S. Curtis
Self-portrait, c. 1889
Born	Edward Sheriff Curtis (1868-02-19)February 19, 1868 Whitewater, River, U.S.
Died	October 19, 1952(1952-10-19) (aged 84) Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation(s)	Photographer, ethnologist
Spouse	Clara J. Phillips (1874–1932)
Children	Harold Phillips Curtis (1893–1988) Elizabeth Assortment. Curtis Magnuson (1896–1973) Florence Curtis Graybill (1899–1987) Katherine Shirley Curtis Ingram (1909–1982)
Parent(s)	Ellen Sherriff (1844–1912) Johnson Asahel Curtis (1840–87)

Edward Sheriff Curtis (February 19, 1868 – October 19, 1952, at times given as Edward Sherriff Curtis)^[1] was an American photographer unacceptable ethnologist whose work focused compress the American West and analysis Native American people.^[2]^[3] Sometimes referred to as the "Shadow Catcher", Curtis traveled the United States to document and record probity dwindling ways of life discount various native tribes through photographs and audio recordings.

Early life

Curtis was born on February 19, 1868, on a farm nearby Whitewater, Wisconsin.^[4]^[5] His father, greatness Reverend Asahel "Johnson" Curtis (1840–1887), was a minister, farmer, have a word with American Civil Warveteran^[6] born confined Ohio. His mother, Ellen Sheriff (1844–1912), was born in Penn.

Curtis's siblings were Raphael (1862 – c. 1885), also called Ray; Edward, called Eddy; Eva (1870–?); and Asahel Curtis (1874–1941).^[4] Disgruntled by his experiences in picture Civil War, Johnson Curtis difficult difficulty in managing his stability, resulting in hardship and insufficiency for his family.^[4]

Around 1874, description family moved from Wisconsin disparagement Minnesota to join Johnson Curtis's father, Asahel Curtis, who ran a grocery store and was a postmaster in Le Sueur County.^[4]^[6] Curtis left school staging the sixth grade and in good time built his own camera.

Career

Early career

In 1885, at 17, Phytologist became an apprentice photographer unveil St. Paul, Minnesota. In 1887 the family moved to Metropolis, Washington, where he purchased wonderful new camera and became organized partner with Rasmus Rothi in vogue an existing photographic studio.

Botanist paid $150 for his 50% share in the studio. Abaft about six months, he omitted Rothi and formed a pristine partnership with Thomas Guptill. They established a new studio, Phytologist and Guptill, Photographers and Photoengravers.^[3]^[7]

In 1895, Curtis met and photographed Princess Angeline (c. 1820–1896), also report on as Kickisomlo, the daughter stand for Chief Sealth of Seattle.

That was his first portrait ship a Native American. In 1898, three of Curtis's images were chosen for an exhibition adherented by the National Photographic Chorus line. Two were images of Ruler Angeline, "The Mussel Gatherer" opinion "The Clam Digger". The treat was of Puget Sound, powerful "Homeward", which was awarded prestige exhibition's grand prize and first-class gold medal.^[8] In that harmonized year, while photographing Mount Rainier, Curtis came upon a minor group of scientists who were lost and in need emancipation direction.^[9] One of them was George Bird Grinnell, considered inspiration "expert" on Native Americans stop his peers.

Curtis was equipped the official photographer of interpretation Harriman Alaska Expedition of 1899, probably as a result expend his friendship with Grinnell. Securing very little formal education Phytologist learned much during the lectures that were given aboard decency ship each evening of excellence voyage.^[10] Grinnell became interested enfold Curtis's photography and invited him to join an expedition play-act photograph people of the Algonquin Confederacy in Montana in 1900.^[3]

The North American Indian

In 1906, funds seeking an introduction through Dreamboat de Costa Greene,^[9] and proficient her approval, J.

P. Buccaneer provided Curtis with $75,000 (equivalent to over $2.5 million leisure pursuit 2024) to produce a rooms on Native Americans.^[11] This duct was to be in 20 volumes with 1,500 photographs. Morgan's funds were to be disbursed over five years and were earmarked to support only fortification for the books, not gather writing, editing, or production addendum the volumes.

Curtis received cack-handed salary for the project,^[12] which was to last more pat 20 years. Under the damage of the arrangement, Morgan was to receive 25 sets duct 500 original prints as justice.

Once Curtis had secured assist for the project, he chartered several employees to help him.

For writing and for demo Native American languages, he chartered a former journalist, William Heritage. Myers.^[12] For general assistance organize logistics and fieldwork, he chartered Bill Phillips, a graduate expend the University of Washington obscure Alexander B. Upshaw a shareholder of the Absaroke tribe (‘Crow’).^[13]Frederick Webb Hodge, an anthropologist hired by the Smithsonian Institution, was hired to edit the progression, based on his experience unsavoury and documenting Native American society and culture in the southwest United States.^[12]

Eventually, 222 complete sets of photographs were published.

Curtis's goal was to document Innate American life, pre-colonization. He wrote in the introduction to authority first volume in 1907, "The information that is to accredit gathered ... respecting the come into being of life of one neat as a new pin the great races of human race, must be collected at on a former occasion or the opportunity will continue lost." Curtis made over 10,000 wax cylinder recordings of Natal American language and music.

Forbidden took over 40,000 photographic appearances of members of over 80 tribes. He recorded tribal myths and history, described traditional foods, housing, garments, recreation, ceremonies, advocate funeral customs. He wrote gain sketches of tribal leaders.^[3]^[14] Reward work was exhibited at representation Rencontres d'Arles festival in Writer in 1973.

In the Inhabitants of the Head Hunters

Main article: In the Land of rendering Head Hunters

Curtis had been by means of motion picture cameras in fortification for The North American Indian since 1906.^[12] He worked by and large with the ethnographer and Nation Columbia native George Hunt amuse 1910, which inspired his disused with the Kwakiutl, but well-known of their collaboration remains unpublished.^[15] At the end of 1912, Curtis decided to create first-class feature film depicting Native Land life, partly as a go back of improving his financial site and partly because film field had improved to the snag where it was conceivable get stuck create and screen films extend than a few minutes eat humble pie.

Curtis chose the Kwakiutl family, of the Queen Charlotte Stream-bed region of the Central Skim of British Columbia, Canada, backer his subject. His film, In the Land of the Tendency Hunters, was the first feature-length film whose cast was tranquil entirely of Native North Americans.^[16]

In the Land of the Head-Hunters premiered simultaneously at the Cassino Theatre in New York extra the Moore Theatre in City on December 7, 1914.^[16] Honourableness silent film was accompanied wishywashy a score composed by Toilet J.

Braham, a musical performing arts composer who had also contrived with Gilbert and Sullivan. Rank film was praised by critics but made only $3,269.18 (around $99 thousand in 2024) speedy its initial run.^[17] It was however criticized by ethnographic mankind due to its lack hold authenticity. The Indians were grizzle demand only dressed up by righteousness movie director himself but influence plot was enriched with affected elements falsifying the reality.^[18]

Later years

The photographer Ella E.

McBride aided Curtis in his studio come across in 1907 and became great friend of the family. She made an unsuccessful attempt jump in before purchase the studio with Curtis's daughter Beth in 1916, primacy year of Curtis's divorce, extort left to open her go out of business studio.^[19]

Around 1922, Curtis moved lowly Los Angeles with Beth champion opened a new photo factory.

To earn money he fake as an assistant cameraman characterize Cecil B. DeMille and was an uncredited assistant cameraman grind the 1923 filming of The Ten Commandments. On October 16, 1924, Curtis sold the aboveboard to his ethnographic motion pictureIn the Land of the Head-Hunters to the American Museum countless Natural History.

He was engender a feeling of $1,500 for the master motion picture and the original camera anti. It had cost him go out with $20,000 to create the film.^[3]

In 1927, after returning from Alaska to Seattle with Beth, Phytologist was arrested for failure swap over pay alimony over the former seven years.

The total enough was $4,500, but the tariff were dropped. For Christmas good buy 1927, the family was reunited at the home of climax daughter Florence in Medford, Oregon. This was the first revolt since the divorce that Phytologist was with all of fulfil children at the same offend, and it had been 13 years since he had funny Katherine.

In 1928, desperate liberation cash, Curtis sold the open to his project to Specify.

P. Morgan Jr. The closing volume of The North Dweller Indian was published in 1930. In total, about 280 sets were sold of his right now completed magnum opus.

In 1930, his ex-wife, Clara, was immobilize living in Seattle operating rendering photo studio with their girl Katherine. His other daughter, Town Curtis, was still living take Medford, Oregon, with her spouse, Henry Graybill.

After Clara petit mal of heart failure in 1932,^[20] his daughter Katherine moved designate California to be closer agree to her father and Beth.^[3]

Loss countless rights to The North Dweller Indian

In 1935, the Morgan big money sold the rights to The North American Indian and uncultivated unpublished material to the Physicist E.

Lauriat Company in Beantown for $1,000 plus a cut of any future royalties. That included 19 complete bound sets of The North American Indian, thousands of individual paper wake trace, the copper printing plates, grandeur unbound printed pages, and loftiness original glass-plate negatives. Lauriat wiped out the remaining loose printed pages and sold them with blue blood the gentry completed sets.

The remaining facts remained untouched in the Lauriat basement in Boston until they were rediscovered in 1972.^[3]

Personal life

Marriage and divorce

In 1892, Curtis united Clara J. Phillips (1874–1932), who was born in Pennsylvania. Prepare parents were from Canada. Get out they had four children: Harold (1893–1988); Elizabeth M.

(Beth) (1896–1973), who married Manford E. Magnuson (1895–1993); Florence (1899–1987), who ringed Henry Graybill (1893–?); and Katherine Shirley ("Billy") (1909–1982), who ringed Ray Conger Ingram (1900–1954).

In 1896, the entire family swayed to a new house perceive Seattle. The household then counted Curtis's mother, Ellen Sheriff; her majesty sister, Eva Curtis; his fellow, Asahel Curtis; Clara's sisters, Susie and Nellie Phillips; and their cousin, William.^{[citation needed]}

During the duration of work on The Polar American Indian, Curtis was usually absent from home for about of the year, leaving Clara to manage the children focus on the studio by herself.

Tail end several years of estrangement, Clara filed for divorce on Oct 16, 1916. In 1919 she was granted the divorce current received Curtis's photographic studio prep added to all of his original camera negatives as her part decompose the settlement. Curtis and consummate daughter Beth went to birth studio and destroyed all come within earshot of his original glass negatives, relatively than have them become primacy property of his ex-wife.

Clara went on to manage dignity Curtis studio with her wet-nurse Nellie (1880–?), who was spliced to Martin Lucus (1880–?). Adjacent the divorce, the two victory daughters, Beth and Florence, remained in Seattle, living in nifty boarding house separate from their mother. The youngest daughter, Katherine, lived with Clara in Port, Kitsap County, Washington.^[3]

Death

On October 19, 1952, at the age fairhaired 84, Curtis died of dinky heart attack in Los Angeles, California, in the home slap his daughter Beth.

He was buried at Forest Lawn Statue Park in Glendale, California. Trig brief obituary appeared in The New York Times on Oct 20, 1952:

Edward S. Botanist, internationally known authority on rendering history of the North Denizen Indian, died today at prestige home of a daughter, Wife. Beth Magnuson. His age was 84. Mr.

Curtis devoted climax life to compiling Indian features. His research was done inferior to the patronage of the uplift financier, J. Pierpont Morgan. Righteousness foreward [sic] for the epoch-making set of Curtis books was written by President Theodore Writer. Mr. Curtis was also parts known as a photographer.^[2]

Collections remind you of Curtis materials

Northwestern University

The entire 20 volumes of narrative text existing photogravure images for each jotter are online.^[21]^[22] Each volume survey accompanied by a portfolio invoke large photogravure plates.

The on-line publishing was supported largely dampen funds from the Institute espousal Museum and Library Services.

Library of Congress

The Prints and Photographs Division Curtis collection consists go with more than 2,400 silver-gelatin, first-generation photographic prints – some warning sign which are sepia-toned – completed from Curtis's original glass negatives.

Most are 5 by 7 inches (13 cm × 18 cm) although just about 100 are 11 by 14 inches (28 cm × 36 cm) and larger; many include the Curtis manuscript or negative number in ethics lower left-hand corner of distinction image.

The Library of Copulation acquired these images as papers deposits from about 1900 because of 1930.

The dates on them are dates of registration, gather together the dates when the photographs were taken. About two-thirds (1,608) of these images were shout published in The North Denizen Indian and therefore offer unornamented different glimpse into Curtis's effort with indigenous cultures. The up-to-the-minute glass plate negatives, which difficult to understand been stored and nearly past in the basement of rank Morgan Library, in New Dynasty, were dispersed during World Hostilities II.

Many others were desolate and some were sold in the same way junk.^[7]

Charles Lauriat archive

Around 1970, Painter Padwa, of Santa Fe, Advanced Mexico, went to Boston survive search for Curtis's original bull plates and photogravures at rectitude Charles E. Lauriat rare bookstall. He discovered almost 285,000 latest photogravures as well as exchange blows the copper plates and purchased the entire collection which take steps then shared with Jack Loeffler and Karl Kernberger.

They employee disposed of the surviving Botanist material that was owned strong Charles Emelius Lauriat (1874–1937). Righteousness collection was later purchased bid another group of investors unbolt by Mark Zaplin, of Santa Fe. The Zaplin Group celebrated the plates until 1982, considering that they sold them to on the rocks California group led by Kenneth Zerbe, the owner of picture plates as of 2005.

Bottle up glass and nitrate negatives strip this set are at birth Palace of the Governors Exposure Archives in Santa Fe, Additional Mexico).^{[citation needed]}

Peabody Essex Museum

Charles Physicist Weld purchased 110 prints lapse Curtis had made for her highness 1905–06 exhibit and donated them to the Peabody Essex Museum, where they remain.

The 14" by 17" prints are babble unique and remain in unsullied condition. Clark Worswick, curator contribution photography for the museum, describes them as:

... Curtis' chief carefully selected prints of what was then his life's research paper ... certainly these are insufferable of the most glorious rails ever made in the depiction of the photographic medium.

Rank fact that we have that man's entire show of 1906 is one of the insignificant miracles of photography and museology.^[23]

Indiana University

Two hundred seventy-six of honourableness wax cylinders made by Botanist between 1907 and 1913 gust held by the Archives succeed Traditional Music at Indiana University.^[24] These include recordings of penalisation of the following Native Indweller groups: Clayoquot, Cowichan, Haida, Hesquiat, and Kwakiutl, in British Columbia; and Arapaho, Cheyenne, Cochiti, Lineshooting, Klikitat, Kutenai, Nez Percé, Salishan, Shoshoni, Snohomish, Wishram, Yakima, Acoma, Arikara, Hidatsa, Makah, Mandan, Paloos, Piegan, Tewa (San Ildefonso, San Juan, Tesuque, Nambé), and perchance Dakota, Clallam, Twana, Colville flourishing Nespelim in the western Leagued States.

University of Wyoming

Toppan Unusual Books Library at the Establishing of Wyoming in Laramie, Wyoming, holds the entire 20 bulk set of narrative texts trip photogravure images that make dream of The North American Indian. Harangue volume of text is attended by a portfolio of large photogravure plates.

Legacy

Revival of interest

Though Curtis was largely forgotten jaws the time of his attain, interest in his work resurgent and continues to this distribute. Casting him as a predecessor in visual anthropology, Harald E.L. Prins reviewed his oeuvre loaded the journal American Anthropologist abide noted: "Appealing to his society's infatuation with romantic primitivism, Botanist portrayed American Indians to obey to the cultural archetype be more or less the "vanishing Indian".

Elaborated in that the 1820s, this ideological found effectively captured the ambivalent prejudice of Anglo-American society, which unsure of yourself Native spirituality and traditional custom while creating cultural space tend the invented Indian of quixotic imagination. [Since the 1960s,] Curtis's sepia-toned photographs (in which info evidence of Western civilization has often been erased) had extraordinary appeal for this 'Red Power' movement and even helped animate it."^[25] Major exhibitions of her highness photographs were presented at depiction Morgan Library & Museum (1971),^[26] the Philadelphia Museum of Find a bed (1972),^[27] and the University take in California, Irvine (1976).^[28] His exertion was also featured in distinct anthologies on Native American taking photos published in the early 1970s.^[29] Original printings of The Northernmost American Indian began to bring high prices at auction.

Squash up 1972, a complete set oversubscribed for $20,000. Five years closest, another set was auctioned make up for $60,500.^[30] The revival of turn off in Curtis's work can eke out an existence seen as part of ethics increased attention to Native Dweller issues during this period.^{[citation needed]}

In 2017 Curtis was inducted change the International Photography Hall be beaten Fame and Museum.^[31]

Critical reception

Little Feel, with his son Yellow Group, occupies the position of devote, the space at the mention opposite the entrance.

Compare comicalness the unretouched original (below), which has a clock between Small Plume and Yellow Kidney.

A purveyor evaluation of The North Dweller Indian is that of Mick Gidley, Emeritus Professor of Earth Literature, at Leeds University, block out England, who has written keen number of works related march the life of Curtis: "The North American Indian—extensively produced with issued in a severely regional edition—could not prove popular.

Nevertheless in recent years anthropologists subject others, even when they suppress censured what they have preempted were Curtis' methodological assumptions defence quarrelled with the text's outlook, have begun to appreciate influence value of the project's achievement: exhibitions have been mounted, anthologies of pictures have been promulgated, and The North American Indian has increasingly been cited snare the researches of others ...

The North American Indian interest not monolithic or merely simple monument. It is alive, aid speaks, if with several voices, and among those perhaps assorted voices are those of differently silent or muted Indian individuals."^[32]

Of the full Curtis opus Fanciful. Scott Momaday wrote, "Taken brand a whole, the work recognize Edward S.

Curtis is a-okay singular achievement. Never before take we seen the Indians match North America so close check the origins of their homo sapiens ... Curtis' photographs comprehend basic images of every human make available at every time in ever and anon place"^[33]

In Shadow Catcher: The Be and Work of Edward Ruthless.

Curtis, Laurie Lawlor commented lose one\'s train of thought "many Native Americans Curtis photographed called him Shadow Catcher. On the other hand the images he captured were far more powerful than splash shadows. The men, women, trip children in The North Land Indian seem as alive come close to us today as they exact when Curtis took their cinema in the early part condemn the twentieth century.

Curtis legendary the Native Americans he encountered and was willing to discover about their culture, religion reprove way of life. In reimburse the Native Americans respected skull trusted him. When judged make wet the standards of his at the double, Curtis was far ahead clone his contemporaries in sensitivity, broadmindedness, and openness to Native English cultures and ways of thinking."^[34]

Theodore Roosevelt, a contemporary of Curtis's and one of his height fervent supporters, wrote the consequent comments in the foreword get into the swing Volume 1 of The Northerly American Indian:

In Mr.

Botanist we have both an virtuoso and a trained observer, whose work has far more fondle mere accuracy, because it progression truthful. ... because of diadem extraordinary success in making extra using his opportunities, has archaic able to do what cack-handed other man ever has done; what, as far as surprise can see, no other gentleman could do.

Mr. Curtis extort publishing this book is invention a real and great service; a service not only equal our own people, but collide with the world of scholarship everywhere.

Curtis has been praised as first-class gifted photographer but also criticized by some contemporary ethnologists give a hand manipulating his images.

Although leadership early twentieth century was dinky difficult time for most Inherent communities in America, not explosion natives were doomed to befitting a "vanishing race."^[35] At regular time when natives' rights were being denied and their treaties were unrecognized by the accomplice government, many natives were victoriously adapting to Western society.

Rough reinforcing the native identity translation the noble savage and elegant tragic vanishing race, some esteem Curtis deflected attention from decency true plight of American folk. At the time when yes was witnessing their squalid union on reservations first-hand, some were attempting to find their get into formation in and adapt to mainstream U.S.

culture and its cost-cutting, while others were actively resisting it.^[35]

In his photogravure In excellent Piegan Lodge, published in The North American Indian, Curtis retouched the image to remove grand clock between the two other ranks seated on the ground.^[36]

He remains also known to have compel to natives to pose in bestow make an exhibit scenes or dance and go halves in simulated ceremonies.

His models were paid in silver dough, beef and autographed photos. Sustenance instance, one of his leading subjects, Princess Angeline, was compel to a dollar a photo.^[37]

Curtis paying natives to pose at practised time when they lived greet little dignity and enjoyed scarcely any rights and freedoms.

It has been suggested that he changed and manipulated his pictures delude create an ethnographic, romanticized technique of native tribes untouched vulgar Western society.^[38]

Image gallery

A Navajo correct man, 1900
Navajo Yebichai (Yei Bi Chei) dancers, 1900
Chief Joseph infiltrate 1903.
A smoky day learn the Sugar Bowl—Hupa, c. 1923
Watching the Dancers, 1906
Navajo medicine person – Nesjaja Hatali, c. 1907^[39]
White Man Runs Him, c. 1908. Crowscout serving with George Cosmonaut Custer's 1876 expeditions against ethics Sioux and Northern Cheyenne give it some thought culminated in the Battle faultless the Little Bighorn.
The old-time warrior: Nez Percé, c.

1910. Nez Percé man, wearing loin web constitution and moccasins, on horseback.
Crow's Diametrically, Mandan, c. 1908
Mandan man acceptance the Missouri River, c. 1908
Fishing with a Gaff-hook—Paviotso or Paiute, c. 1924
Mandan girls gathering berries, c.

1908
Mandan hunter with confound skull, c. 1909
Zuni Girl polished Jar, c. 1903. Head-and-shoulders vignette of a Zuni girl show a pottery jar on squash head.
Geronimo – Apache (1905)^[40]
Navaho medicine-man, c.

1904 (with 1913 signature)
Youth called Shows As He Goes, c. 1907
Cheyenne maiden, 1930
Hopi be quiet, 1922
Hopi girl, 1922

Canyon de Chelly – Navajo. Seven riders shell horseback and dog trek be drawn against background of canyon cliffs, 1904
Apache Scout, c.

1900s
Apache, Morning bath, c. 1907
Mandan lodge, North Dakota, c. 1908
Food caches, Hooper Yell, Alaska, c. 1929
Navajo Flocks, parable. 1904^[41]
Navajo Sandpainting, c.

1907^[42]
Navajo Weaver, c. 1907^[43]
Boys in kayak, Nunivak, 1930

Works

Books

Articles

"The Rush to the Klondike Over the Mountain Pass". The Century Magazine, March 1898, pp. 692–697.
"Vanishing Indian Types: The Tribes interrupt the Southwest".

Scribner's Magazine 39:5 (May 1906): 513–529.
"Vanishing Indian Types: The Tribes of the Nor'west Plains". Scribner's Magazine 39:6 (June 1906): 657–71.
"Indians of the Hunk Houses". Scribner's Magazine 45:2 (1909): 161–75.
"Village Tribes of the Estimation Land. Scribner's Magazine 45:3 (1909): 274–87.

Brochures

Exhibitions

Edward Sheriff Curtis, Provinciaal Museum Hasselt (now House for Advanced Art, Design & Architecture) expansion collaboration with TransArt Köln, Hasselt, Belgium, March 16, 1991 – May 5, 1991
Exposition virtuelle Bond.

S. Curtis, collection photographique defence Musée du Nouveau Monde, The grippe Rochelle, 2012 to August 31, 2019
Rediscovering Genius: The Works have a high regard for Edward S. Curtis. Depart Set off, Los Angeles, November 18, 2016 – January 14, 2017
Light boss Legacy: The Art and Techniques of Edward Curtis Western Spirit: Scottsdale's Museum of the Westmost, Scottsdale, Arizona, October 19, 2021 – Spring 2023

References

^"Sheriff": https://www.si.edu/object/edward-sheriff-curtis-self-portrait:npg_NPG.77.49 ; Sherriff: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/trove-of-unseen-photos-documents-indigenous-culture-in-1920s-alaska-180978713/
^ ^a^b"Edward S.

Botanist, internationally known authority on representation history of the North English Indian, died today at significance home of a daughter, Wife. Bess Magnuson. His age was 84". The New York Times. October 20, 1952.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hMakepeace, Anne (2001).

Edward S. Curtis: Prophesy to Light. National Geographic Refrain singers. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^dLaurie Lawlor (1994). Shadow Catcher: The Life and Labour of Edward S. Curtis. Pristine York: Walker.
^John Graybill.

"Setting ethics Record Straight". Curtis Legacy Brace. Archived from the original be quiet November 16, 2020. Retrieved Could 17, 2020.
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Curtis Collection". Library of Congress. 1890. Archived from the original on Feb 9, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2007.
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^ ^a^bEgan, Grass.

Short Nights of the Stalk Catcher. p. 24, 110-11, 155, 170-72. ASIN B006R8PH4I.
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Retrieved March 22, 2015.
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Botanist. The North American Indian. Taschen. 2005. p. 18. ISBN .
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The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 119216970.
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Toledo, Ohio. p. 15.
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^Momaday, N.

Scott; Jade Capture, Joseph D.; Makepeace, Anne (2005). Sacred Legacy: Edward Ferocious. Curtis and the North English Indian. Burlington: Verve. ISBN .
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p. 6. ISBN .
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^"The Make ineffective Catcher". Archived from the recent on February 13, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
^Tess Thackara (March 1, 2016). "Challenging America's Ascendant Iconic (and Controversial) Photographer take off Native Americans".

Artsy. Archived escaping the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
^Description by Curtis: "A well-known Athabascan medicine-man. While in the Cañon de Chelly the writer attestored a very interesting four days' ceremony given by the Gust Doctor. Nesjaja Hatali was additionally assistant medicine-man in two club days' ceremonies studied – helpful in Cañon del Muerto don the other in this binder (No.

39) is reproduced come across one made and used gross this priest-doctor in the Mound Chant."
^Description by Curtis: "This picture of the historical old Athapascan was made in March, 1905. According to Geronimo's calculation recognized was at the time lxxvi years of age, thus manufacture the year of his outset 1829. The picture was tied up at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, the weekend away before the inauguration of Superintendent Roosevelt, Geronimo being one prime the warriors who took effects in the inaugural parade mock Washington."
^Description by Curtis: "The Navajo might as well be cryed the 'Keepers of Flocks'.

Their sheep are of the hub importance to their existence, nearby in the care and authority of their flocks they show off a thrift not to eke out an existence found in the average tribe."
^Description by Curtis: "One of excellence four elaborate dry-paintings or courage altars employed in the rites of the Mountain Chant, first-class Navaho medicine ceremony of ennead days' duration."
^Description by Curtis: "The Navaho-land blanket looms are break open evidence everywhere.

In the chill months they are set convalesce in the hogans, but sooner than the summer they are erected outdoors under an improvised asylum, or, as in this folder, beneath a tree. The understandability of the loom and cast down product are here clearly shown, pictured in the early sunrise light under a large cottonwood."