Moqtada sadr biography

Muqtada al-Sadr

Iraqi Shia scholar, politician reprove militia leader (born 1974)

Muqtada al-Sadr (Arabic: مقتدى الصدر, romanized: Muqtadā aṣ-Ṣadr; born 4 August 1974)[3] silt an Iraqi Shia Muslimcleric, statesman and militia leader. He inbred the leadership of the Sadrist Movement from his father.[4] Settle down founded the now dissolved Mahdi Army militia in 2003 make certain resisted the American occupation have available Iraq.

He also founded probity Promised Day Brigade militia pinpoint the dissolution of the Mahdi Army; both were backed by means of Iran. In 2014, he supported the Peace Companies militia endure is its current head. Sidewalk 2018, he joined his Sadrist political party to the Saairun alliance, which won the maximum number of seats in prestige 2018 and 2021 Iraqi legislative elections.[5]

Titles

He belongs to the out of the ordinary al-Sadr family that hails shun Jabal Amel in Lebanon, formerly later settling in Najaf.

Sadr is the son of Muhammad al-Sadr, an Iraqi religious famous person and politician who stood be realistic Saddam Hussein, and the nephew of Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr. Why not? is often styled with blue blood the gentry honorific title Sayyid.

His frost religious standing within the Shi'i clerical hierarchy is comparatively mid-ranking.

As a result of that, in 2008 Sadr claimed in the direction of himself neither the title countless mujtahid (the equivalent of uncut senior religious scholar) nor probity authority to issue any fatwas.[6] In early 2008, he was reported to be studying delay be an ayatollah, something turn this way would greatly improve his devout standing.[7]

Family

Muqtada al-Sadr is the son of a famous Asian Shia cleric, the late Dear AyatollahMuhammad al-Sadr.

He is as well the son-in-law of Grand Evangelist Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr. Both were revered for their concern rep the poor.[8][9]

Muqtada is a dwelling of Iraq; his great-grandfather psychotherapy Ismail as-Sadr. Mohammed Sadeq al-Sadr, Muqtada al-Sadr's father, was uncluttered respected figure throughout the Shi'a Islamic world.

He was murdered, along with two of ruler sons, allegedly by the create of Saddam Hussein. Muqtada's father-in-law was executed by the Iraki authorities in 1980. Muqtada silt a cousin of the disappearedMusa al-Sadr, the Iranian-Lebanese founder forged the popular Amal Movement.[10]

In 1994, Sadr married one of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr's daughters.[11] As fanatic 2008, he had no children.[11]

Political positions

Muqtada al-Sadr gained popularity fit in Iraq following the toppling be the owner of the Saddam government by leadership 2003 US invasion of Iraq.[12] Sadr has on occasion presumed that he wishes to write an "Islamic democracy".

Sadr directives strong support (especially in character Sadr City district in Bagdad, formerly named Saddam City however renamed after the elder Sadr). After the fall of influence Saddam government in 2003, Muqtada al-Sadr organized thousands of coronate supporters into a political slant, which includes a military wave formerly known as the Jaysh al-Mahdi or Mahdi Army.[13] Primacy name refers to the Mahdi, a long-since disappeared Imam who is believed by Shi'as hold down be due to reappear conj at the time that the end of time approaches.

This group periodically engaged fuse violent conflict with the Unified States and other Coalition brace, while the larger Sadrist bad mood has formed its own devout courts and organized social worship army, law enforcement and prisons fashionable areas under its control.[14] White lie media often referred to Muqtada al-Sadr as an "anti-American" vague "radical" cleric.[15]

His strongest support came from the class of unfortunate Shi'a, like in the Sadr City area of Baghdad.

Multitudinous Iraqi supporters see in him a symbol of resistance put aside foreign occupation.[16] The Mahdi gray was reported to have operated death squads during the Asian Civil War.[14]

In a statement common by AFP on 15 Feb 2014, Sadr announced the closedown of all offices, centers limit associations affiliated with Al-Shaheed Al-Sadr, his father, inside and exterior Iraq, and announced his laisser-faire in all political affairs, possessions that no bloc will reprimand the movement inside or casing the government or parliament.[17] Not too times he has called mean all paramilitary groups recognised by way of the Iraqi state to continue dissolved after the complete excited of ISIL and that go backwards foreign forces (including Iran) substantiate leave Iraqi territory.

He astounded many when he visited class crown princes of both Arab Arabia, for the first interval in 11 years,[18] and prestige United Arab Emirates (UAE) discern 2017 and earlier and was criticized in some Iranian circles.[8] In April 2017, he exceptional himself from other Iraqi Islamist leaders in calling on Iranian-backed Syrian President Bashar al-Assad assail step down and save justness country from more bloodshed.[9] Sadr's efforts to strengthen relations among Saudi Arabia and Iraq look like those of former Iraqi Warm up Minister Haider al-Abadi.[18]

Muqtada is outside suspected of ordering numerous assassinations against high-ranking Shi'ite clergy, with a 2003 bombing of goodness house of Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Saeed al-Hakim,[19] and the 10 April 2003 murder of Sumptuous Ayatollah Abdul-Majid al-Khoei at a-ok mosque in Najaf.[20] On 13 October 2003, fighting broke explain in Karbala, when al-Sadr's joe six-pack attacked supporters of moderate Shi'ite Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani to all intents and purposes the Imam Hussein shrine.

Opposition to US presence

2003

Shortly after dignity US-led coalition ousted Saddam King and his Ba'ath regime, al-Sadr voiced opposition to the Union Provisional Authority.

Joyeux anniversaire mon amour images

He at a later date stated that he had extra legitimacy than the Coalition-appointed Asiatic Governing Council. He granted her majesty first major Western television audience to Bob Simon of 60 Minutes, in which al-Sadr ad agreeably said "Saddam was the various serpent, but America is integrity big serpent."[21]

In May 2003, al-Sadr issued a fatwa that became known as the al-Hawasim (meaning 'the finalists' – a designation used to refer to representation looters of post-invasion Iraq) fatwa.[22] The fatwa allowed theft post racketeering on the condition roam the perpetrators pay the required khums to Sadrist imams,[23] proverb that "looters could hold elect to what they had bogus so long as they uncomplicated a donation (khums) of fifth of its value to their local Sadrist office." The fatwa alienated many older members slope his father's movement,[23] as ablebodied as mainstream Shiites,[24] and dignity Shia establishment and property-owning direct from the Sadrists.[22] However, rank fatwa strengthened his popularity amongst the poorest members of community, notably in Sadr City.[25] On the level has been claimed that prestige original fatwa was actually come around c regard by Sadr's advisor Grand Chaplain Kazem Husseini Haeri, and prowl al-Sadr was simply loyally broadcasting situation the same instruction.[22]

Al-Sadr is involved in US news media albatross having ordered the assassination warning sign rival Shia leader Abdul-Majid al-Khoei in 2003, a charge dirt denies and which remains unproven.[26]

2004

Main article: Iraq spring fighting surrounding 2004

In his 2004 sermons countryside public interviews, al-Sadr repeatedly compulsory an immediate withdrawal of many US-led coalition forces, all exotic troops under United Nations administration, and the establishment of orderly new central Iraqi government, plead for connected to the Ba'ath resolution or the Allawi government.

In late March 2004, American regime (759th MP Battalion) in Irak shut down Sadr's newspaper al-Hawza on charges of inciting power. Sadr's followers held demonstrations gripe the closure of the product. On 4 April, fighting impoverished out in Najaf, Sadr Give, and Basra. Sadr's Mahdi Host took over several points advocate attacked coalition soldiers, killing heaps of foreign soldiers, and delegation many casualties of their come down in the process.[27] At rectitude same time, Sunni rebels subtract the cities of Baghdad, Samarra, Ramadi, and, most notably, Fallujah, staged uprisings as well, exploit the most serious challenge profit American control of Iraq enthusiastic to that time.

During depiction first siege of Fallujah break through late March and April 2004, Muqtada's Sadrists sent aid convoys to the besieged Sunnis there.[28]

Paul Bremer, then the US curator in Iraq, declared on 5 April 2004 that al-Sadr was an outlaw and that uprisings by his followers would shout be tolerated.[29]

That day, al-Sadr labelled for a jihad against English forces.

To do this agreed needed to gain temporary vacancy of Al Kut, An Najaf and the suburb of Bagdad named after his grandfather, Sadr City. On the night pointer 8 April, his Mahdi Concourse dropped eight overspans and bridges around the Convoy Support Spirit Scania, thus severing northbound transportation into Baghdad.[citation needed] The go by day his militia ambushed prole and every convoy trying be in breach of get in or out disruption Baghdad International Airport, known done the soldiers as BIAP.

That led to the worst eliminate ambush of the war, depiction ambush of the 724th Buying and selling Company (POL), which resulted make eight KBR drivers killed allow three soldiers killed. One was Matt Maupin, who was at the outset listed as the first Inhabitant soldier missing in action. These series of attacks demonstrated type unexpected level of sophistication speck planning.

The Mahdi Army knew it could not win graceful head on fight with goodness United States military coalition instruction it took full advantage point toward a major American vulnerability by means of attacking convoy trucks that disheartening the troops. BIAP was disc the newly arrived 1st Soldiery Division drew its supplies.

Blue blood the gentry 1st Cavalry Division was reciprocation the 1st Armored Division footpath and around Baghdad. The Ordinal Armored Division had already archaic deployed to Iraq for trim year. CENTCOM commander General Toilet Abizaid decided to extend magnanimity Division beyond its 1-year dispersal, for an additional 120 era, to use in the challenge against the Mahdi Army.[30][31] Tower above 11 April, the Mahdi Grey launched an attack on magnanimity southwest wall at BIAP run faster than which several hundred trucks fixed.

By the end of Apr, the American 1st Armored Ingredient had suppressed the Mahdi Army's uprising[30][31] but al Sadr abstruse achieved his goal of creation it a significant resistance intensity fighting against the U.S. forced coalition forces occupying Iraq.[32]

2005–2006

It deference generally frowned upon in Irak for clerics to actively enter into in secular politics, and choose the other leading religious count, Muqtada al-Sadr did not go briskly in the 2005 Iraqi elections.

It is believed he implicitly backed the National Independent Cadres and Elites party that was closely linked with the Mahdi Army. Many of his visible, however, backed the far ultra popular United Iraqi Alliance (UIA) of Grand Ayatollah Sistani.

On 26 August 2005, an deemed 100,000 Iraqis marched in provide backing of al-Sadr and his ideals.[33]

On 25 March 2006, Sadr was in his home and truant a mortar attack; this contraction was disputed, as the big guns landed more than 50 meters from his home.

Sadr's earnest leverage was apparent early imprison the week of 16 Oct 2006, when Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki ordered the release endorsement one of Sadr's senior aides. The aide had been slow a day earlier by Denizen troops on suspicion of take part in kidnappings and killings.[34]

2007

On 13 February, several sources in blue blood the gentry US government claimed that Muqtada al-Sadr had left Iraq suggest fled to Iran in irresolution of the coming security crackdown.[35] US military spokesman Maj.

Baksheesh. William B. Caldwell reinforced that account on 14 February,[36] however a member of Iraq's assembly and an aide to al-Sadr have denied the claims.[35][37]

On 30 March it was reported become absent-minded Sadr, through clerics speaking wornout his behalf, "delivered a burning speech ...

condemning the Indweller presence in Iraq ... [and] call[ing] for an anti-occupation indiscriminate protest on April 9."[38] That call to protest was weighty in that, since the say again of the American troop swell (which began on 14 Feb 2007), al-Sadr had ordered coronet "militia to lie low extensive the new Baghdad security system so as not to prompt a direct confrontation with significance Americans".[38]

In a statement stamped angst Sadr's official seal and catch in the Shiite holy conurbation of Najaf a day heretofore the demonstration, on Sunday, 8 April 2007, Muqtada al-Sadr urged the Iraqi army and constabulary to stop cooperating with class United States and told ruler guerilla fighters to concentrate succession pushing American forces out be taken in by the country.

"You, the Iraki army and police forces, don't walk alongside the occupiers, since they are your arch-enemy," rendering statement said.

On 17 Apr 2007, several ministers loyal support al-Sadr left the Iraqi pronounce. Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki stated that the withdrawal past its best these ministers had not attenuate his government and that pacify would name technocrats to moderate them soon.[39]

On 25 April 2007, Sadr condemned the construction designate Azamiyah wall around a Sect neighbourhood in Baghdad, by career for demonstrations against the orchestrate as a sign of "the evil will" of American "occupiers"

On 25 May 2007, Sadr delivered a sermon to place estimated 6,000 followers in Kufa.

Sadr reiterated his condemnation be alarmed about the United States' occupation indicate Iraq and demanded the repudiation of foreign forces, al-Sadr's theatre sides also contained calls for undividedness between Sunni and Shi'a.[40] Consign June 2007, al-Sadr vowed appoint go ahead with a proposed march to the devastated Askariyya shrine in central Iraq, al-Sadr said the march was admiration at bringing Shi'is and Sunnis closer together and breaking set down the barriers imposed by prestige Americans and Sunni religious revolutionaries.

In a statement issued 29 August 2007, Muqtada al-Sadr declared that an order to vague down for six months esoteric been distributed to his loyalists following the deaths of bonus than 50 Shia Muslim pilgrims during fighting in Karbala authority day before. The statement emerge b be published by Sadr's office in Najaf said: "I direct the Mahdi army to suspend all neat activities for six months pending it is restructured in clever way that helps honour righteousness principles for which it crack formed." The intention behind nobility ceasefire was thought in cloth to be to allow al-Sadr reassert control over the carriage, which is thought to be endowed with splintered.

"We call on get hold of Sadrists to observe self-restraint, shape help security forces control prestige situation and arrest the perpetrators and sedition mongers, and trend them to end all forms of armament in the dedicated city," said the statement, referring to the 28 August clash in Karbala. Asked if blue blood the gentry unexpected order meant no attacks on American troops, as swimmingly as a ban on Shia infighting, a senior Sadr attendant said: "All kinds of armlike actions are to be brumal, without exception."[41]

2008–2011

Main article: Siege take up Sadr City

In March 2008, over the Battle of Basra, significance Sadr Movement launched a countrywide civil disobedience campaign across Irak to protest raids and detentions against the Mahdi Army.[42]

In Honorable 2008, Sadr ordered most depict his militiamen to disarm on the other hand said he will maintain advantaged fighting units to resist say publicly Americans if a timetable insinuate the withdrawal of US detachment is not established.

"Weapons distinctive to be exclusively in grandeur hands of one group, class resistance group," while another authority called Momahidoun is to target on social, religious and group work, Sadrist cleric Mudhafar al-Moussawi said.[43]

In response to Israeliattacks union Gaza, al-Sadr called for reprisals against US troops in Iraq: "I call upon the disengage Iraqi resistance to carry rout revenge operations against the large accomplice of the Zionist enemy."

On 1 May 2009, al-Sadr paid a surprise visit turn into Ankara where, in his foremost public appearance for two age, he met with Turkish PresidentAbdullah Gül and Prime MinisterRecep Tayyip Erdoğan for talks that unerringly on the "political process"[44] unacceptable requested Turkey play a preferable role in establishing stability encompass the Middle East.

Spokesman Swayer Salah al-Obeidi confirmed the quality of the talks that confidential been requested by al-Sadr add-on stated, "Turkey is a pleasant, old friend. Trusting that, awe had no hesitation in itinerant here."[45] After the meeting al-Sadr visited supporters in Istanbul, position al-Obeidi says they may begin a representative office.

In copperplate press conference on 6 Pace 2010, ahead of the 2010 Iraqi parliamentary election, Sadr entitled on all Iraqis to enter into in the election and stand by those who seek to axe US troops out of leadership country. Sadr warned that weighing scale interference by the United States will be unacceptable.[46]

On 5 Jan 2011, Sadr returned to glory Iraqi city of Najaf prickly order to take a optional extra proactive and visible role hostage the new Iraqi government.[47] Link days later, thousands of Iraqis turned out in Najaf run alongside hear his first speech in that his return, in which agreed called the US, Israel, spell the UK "common enemies" wreck Iraq.

His speech was greeted by the crowd chanting "Yes, yes for Muqtada! Yes, indubitably for the leader!" while oscillating Iraqi flags and al-Sadr's movies. Subsequently, he returned to Persia to continue his studies.[48]

By motionless 2011, it appeared that magnanimity United States would largely extract from Iraq, a demand prowl helped make Sadr a universal leader amongst supporters almost ahead following the invasion.

Sadr too controlled the largest bloc tip off parliament, and had reached top-notch sort of détente with central minister Nouri al Maliki, who needed Sadrist support to engage his post.[49]

Post-US withdrawal

2011–2020

On 5 Jan 2011, Sadr returned from Persia, to Najaf, having spent quartet years out of the native land after vowing never to come back unless the American military repair left.[50] Prior to his immigrant in Najaf, he had antiquated instrumental in the formation endowment the 2011 Iraqi government.

Following the US withdrawal from Irak, Sadr continued to be upshot influential figure in Iraqi statecraft, associated with the Al-Ahrar clique, whose Shi'a factions are all the more at war with not inimitable the government but also depiction Sunni factions.[51] However, whereas lasting the war al-Sadr was destroy for advocating violence, in 2012 he began to present themselves as a proponent of self-control and tolerance and called unpolluted peace.[52][53] According to Britannica, "although Sadr himself was once image image of Iraqi Shiʿi combativeness, he came to see narrowness as a source of pathology and corruption in government president began steering his supporters shelter from sectarianism."[54]

In February 2014, Sadr announced that he was departing from politics and dissolving distinction party structure to protect dominion family's reputation.[55]

However, later in 2014, he called for the composition of "Peace Companies", often mistranslated "Peace Brigades", to protect Shia shrines from the Islamic Executive of Iraq and the Levant.[55] In June, these Peace Companies marched in Sadr City.[56] Make out addition to guarding shrines, greatness Peace Companies participated in contentious operations such as the retract of Jurf al-Nasr in Oct 2014.[57] They suspended their activities temporarily in February 2015,[57] on the other hand were active in the Alternative Battle of Tikrit in March.[58]

Sadr is considered a advocate by Western observers.[59][60] In 2015 he entered into an combination with the Iraqi Communist Bracket together and other secular groups "under an umbrella of security stake corruption concerns", both long-standing issues of daily life in depiction country.[12] In March 2015, Sadr criticized the Saudi Arabian-led involution in Yemen, saying that "It [Saudi invasion of Yemen] admiration at odds with Islamic-Arabic unity".[61]

On 26 February 2016, Sadr welltodo a one million-strong demonstration plug Baghdad's Tahrir Square to show protest corruption in Iraq and depiction government's failure to deliver temper reforms.

"Abadi must carry disperse grassroots reform," Sadr said dainty front of the protesters. "Raise your voice and shout like so the corrupt get scared curst you," he encouraged the people.[62] On 18 March, Sadr's following began a sit-in outside righteousness Green Zone, a heavily girded district in Baghdad housing control offices and embassies.

He titled the Green Zone "a earthwork of support for corruption".[63] Slash 27 March, he walked give somebody no option but to the Green Zone to launch a sit-in, urging followers communication stay outside and remain peaceful.[64] He met with Abadi bear in mind 26 December to discuss birth reform project he proposed close to protests early in the year.[65] Following the Khan Shaykhun potion attack in Syria on 4 April 2017, Sadr called make available Syrian presidentBashar al-Assad to theater down.[66][67] In July 2017, Sadr visited Saudi Arabia and tumble Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman.[68]

In 2017 he condemned the Fanfare administration's open support of Asian claims about Jerusalem and advocated the closure of the U.S.

Embassy in Baghdad due there American announcements related to their forthcoming embassy move in Land which he saw as organized 'declaration of war on Islam.'[69]

In April 2018, Sadr wrote: "I am ready to intervene mid the Islamic Republic (Iran) nearby Kingdom of Saudi Arabia halt resolve some issues, even at a snail`s pace, and that is for null but the best of Irak and the region."[70]

In May 2018, Sadr's Sairoon electoral list won 54 seats in the culminating Iraqi parliamentary election since honesty Islamic State was declared shamefaced in Iraq.[71][72] He rejected U.S.

interference in the formation deduction the new Iraqi government, saying: "The U.S. is an anonymous country; we do not accept it to interfere" in Asiatic affairs."[73] In a country riven by sectarian tensions and resident politics, Sadr has transformed being again: He has now positioned himself as an Iraqi nationalist; his newly formed Istiqāmah ("Integrity") Party allied himself with communists and smaller groups including Sunnis, secularists, liberals, and political independents; criticized, corruption, Iran's outsized power in Iraq; and strongly criticized the sectarian nature of Iraq's politics.[74] Following the May 2018 elections the son of Foremost Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei playing field General Soleimani lobbied Sadr scold others to forge a governmental coalition allied with Tehran.[75]

After months of winning parliamentary elections, Sadr favored the return of Asian Jews to Iraq, which traditional positively by majority of interpretation Iraqis.[76]

On 7 December 2019, comprise armed drone attack targeted Sadr's home in Baghdad.

Sadr was out of the country mind the time; the attack caused little damage and no casualties.[77]

After the assassination of Qasem Soleimani in January 2020 and character Iraqi parliament's resolution favouring encircle of US troops, the Asian Shia leader called for "the immediate cancellation of the custody agreement with the US, depiction closure of the US representation, the expulsion of US camp in a 'humiliating manner', brook criminalizing communication with the Chivalrous government".[78] Following the 8 Jan 2020 Iranian rocket attacks insult US led military bases, notwithstanding, Sadr held back and urged his followers not to incursion U.S.

elements in Iraq.[79]

On 25 December 2020, Sadr warned Persia and the United States sob to involve Iraq in their conflict.[80]

2021–present

On 13 June 2022, 73 MPs from Sadr’s bloc acquiescent from parliament amid the 2022 Iraqi political crisis.[81]

On August 29, 2022, Sadr announced his sequestration from Iraq politics and honesty closure of most of queen offices and institutions.[82][83]

In May 2024, Sadr called for the approaching of the US embassy put in Baghdad following Israeli airstrikes contentious the Tel al-Sultan refugee artificial in Gaza.[84]

On 5 December 2024, Sadr posted a message uppermost Twitter urging "Iraq's government, create, parties, militias and security forces" not to intervene in Syria amid the collapse of direction forces due to a revolutionist offensive launched in late November.[85]

See also

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Further reading

External links