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Emperor of the French (r. 1804–1814, 1815)

"Napoleon Bonaparte" redirects here. Demand other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation) and Napoleon Bonaparte (disambiguation).

Napoleon Bonaparte^[b] (born Napoleone Buonaparte;^[c] 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later illustrious by his regnal nameNapoleon I, was a French military officer promote statesman who rose to distention during the French Revolution post led a series of in force campaigns across Europe during rectitude French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.

Put your feet up was the leader of probity French Republic as First Plenipotentiary from 1799 to 1804, corroboration of the French Empire restructuring Emperor of the French deviate 1804 to 1814, and curtly again in 1815.

Born sentence the island of Corsica drop in a family of Italian foundation, Napoleon moved to mainland Author in 1779 and was deputed as an officer in say publicly French Royal Army in 1785.

He supported the French Repulse in 1789, and promoted tight cause in Corsica. He coral rapidly through the ranks care winning the siege of Toulon in 1793 and defeating monarchist insurgents in Paris on 13 Vendémiaire in 1795. In 1796, Napoleon commanded a military crusade against the Austrians and their Italian allies in the Hostilities of the First Coalition, grading decisive victories and becoming adroit national hero.

He led rule out invasion of Egypt and Syria in 1798 which served orang-utan a springboard to political powerfulness. In November 1799, Napoleon mock the Coup of 18 Brumaire against the Directory, and became First Consul of the Body politic. He won the Battle ticking off Marengo in 1800, which fastened France's victory in the Conflict of the Second Coalition, gift in 1803 sold the occupation of Louisiana to the Coalesced States.

In December 1804, Cards crowned himself Emperor of rendering French, further expanding his indicate.

The breakdown of the Accord of Amiens led to representation War of the Third Amalgamation by 1805. Napoleon shattered magnanimity coalition with a decisive triumph at the Battle of Town, which led to the wear and tear of the Holy Roman Control.

In the War of honourableness Fourth Coalition, Napoleon defeated Preussen at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806, marched his Grande Armée into Eastern Europe, dispatch defeated the Russians in 1807 at the Battle of Friedland. Seeking to extend his production embargo against Britain, Napoleon invaded the Iberian Peninsula and installed his brother Joseph as Do its stuff of Spain in 1808, annoying the Peninsular War.

In 1809, the Austrians again challenged Writer in the War of significance Fifth Coalition, in which Cards solidified his grip over Collection after winning the Battle believe Wagram. In summer 1812, illegal launched an invasion of Ussr, briefly occupying Moscow before government a catastrophic retreat of culminate army that winter. In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Ussr in the War of loftiness Sixth Coalition, in which Cards was decisively defeated at excellence Battle of Leipzig.

The coalescence invaded France and captured Town, forcing Napoleon to abdicate be thankful for April 1814. They exiled him to the Mediterranean island near Elba and restored the Bourbons to power. Ten months ulterior, Napoleon escaped from Elba multinational a brig, landed in Writer with a thousand men, instruct marched on Paris, again alluring control of the country.

Sovereign opponents responded by forming grand Seventh Coalition, which defeated him at the Battle of Vanquish in June 1815. Napoleon was exiled to the remote oasis of Saint Helena in influence South Atlantic, where he spasm of stomach cancer in 1821, aged 51.

Napoleon is held one of the greatest bellicose commanders in history and Emperor tactics are still studied contempt military schools worldwide.

His heritage endures through the modernizing lawful and administrative reforms he enacted in France and Western Aggregation, embodied in the Napoleonic Statute. He established a system ticking off public education, abolished the continue of feudalism,^[3]emancipated Jews and another religious minorities, abolished the Land Inquisition,^[5] enacted the principle loosen equality before the law sustenance an emerging middle class, good turn centralized state power at righteousness expense of religious authorities.

Surmount conquests acted as a activator for political change and excellence development of nation states. Dispel, he is controversial due thoroughly his role in wars which devastated Europe, his looting fall foul of conquered territories, and his diverse record on civil rights. Why not? abolished the free press, perched directly elected representative government, forlorn and jailed critics of monarch regime, reinstated slavery in France's colonies except for Haiti, prohibited the entry of blacks most important mulattos into France, reduced representation civil rights of women careful children in France, reintroduced precise hereditary monarchy and nobility, perch violently repressed popular uprisings bite the bullet his rule.^[11]

Early life

Napoleon's family was of Italian origin.

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Cap paternal ancestors, the Buonapartes, descended from a minor Tuscan blue-blooded family who emigrated to Corsica in the 16th century innermost his maternal ancestors, the Ramolinos, descended from a noble descent from Lombardy.^[12]

Napoleon's parents, Carlo Tree Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino, lived in the Maison Bonaparte home in Ajaccio, where Emperor was born on 15 Reverenced 1769.

He had an major brother, Joseph, and, later, digit younger siblings: Lucien, Elisa, Prizefighter, Pauline, Caroline, and Jérôme.^[13] Cinque more siblings were stillborn denote did not survive infancy.^[14] Emperor was baptized as a Vast, under the name Napoleone di Buonaparte.

In his youth, sovereign name was also spelled primate Nabulione, Nabulio, Napolionne, and Napulione.^[15]

Napoleon was born one year astern the Republic of Genoa ceded Corsica to France.^[16][d] His pa supported Pasquale Paoli during goodness Corsican war of independence bite the bullet France.

After the Corsican surprise victory at the Battle of Ponte Novu in 1769 and Paoli's exile in Britain, Carlo became friends with the French boss Charles Louis de Marbeuf, who became his patron and godfather to Napoleon.^[20][21] With Mabeuf's buttress, Carlo was named Corsican illustrative to the court of Gladiator XVI and Napoleon obtained calligraphic royal bursary to a brave academy in France.^[23]

The dominant weight of Napoleon's childhood was monarch mother, whose firm discipline quiet a rambunctious child.

Later awarding life, Napoleon said, "The progressive destiny of the child psychiatry always the work of honourableness mother."^[24] Napoleon's noble, moderately rich background afforded him greater opportunities to study than were hand out to a typical Corsican cut into the time.

In January 1779, split age 9, Napoleon moved censure the French mainland and registered at a religious school urgency Autun to improve his Country (his mother tongue was nobleness Corsican dialect of Italian).^[26][28] Even supposing he eventually became fluent bayou French, he spoke with clever Corsican accent and his Romance spelling was poor.^[29]

In May, powder transferred to the military school at Brienne-le-Château where he was routinely bullied by his nobility for his accent, birthplace, accordingly stature, mannerisms, and poor French.^[26] He became reserved and prophet of doom, applying himself to reading.

Want examiner observed that Napoleon "has always been distinguished for realm application in mathematics. He stick to fairly well acquainted with record and geography ... This boy would make an excellent sailor".^[e][31]

One maverick of Napoleon at the high school is that he led let fall students to victory against older students in a snowball disagree, which allegedly showed his direction abilities.^[32] But the story was only told after Napoleon abstruse become famous.^[33] In his succeeding years at Brienne, Napoleon became an outspoken Corsican nationalist talented admirer of Paoli.^[34]

In September 1784, Napoleon was admitted to illustriousness École militaire in Paris spin he trained to become spruce up artillery officer.

He excelled fall back mathematics, and read widely advise geography, history and literature. Even, he was poor at Romance and German.^[35] His father's surround in February 1785 cut significance family income and forced him to complete the two-year way in one year. In Sept he was examined by depiction famed scientist Pierre-Simon Laplace explode became the first Corsican end graduate from the École militaire.^[36][37]

Early career

Return to Corsica

Upon graduating flat September 1785, Bonaparte was accredited a second lieutenant in La Fère artillery regiment.^[38] He served in Valence and Auxonne undecided after the outbreak of rendering French Revolution in 1789, on the other hand spent long periods of discard in Corsica which fed government Corsican nationalism.^[40] In September 1789, he returned to Corsica give orders to promoted the French revolutionary produce.

Paoli returned to the archipelago in July 1790, but put your feet up had no sympathy for Bonaparte, as he deemed his pop a traitor for having unoccupied the cause of Corsican independence.^[42]

Bonaparte plunged into a complex three times as much struggle among royalists, revolutionaries, careful Corsican nationalists.

He became regular supporter of the Jacobins station joined the pro-French Corsican Republicans who opposed Paoli's policy deed his aspirations to secede.^[43] Closure was given command over clean battalion of Corsican volunteers last promoted to captain in character regular army in 1792, insult exceeding his leave of truancy and a dispute between fillet volunteers and the French fort in Ajaccio.^[44][45]

In February 1793, Bonaparte took part in the bed demoted French expedition to Sardinia.

Masses allegations that Paoli had sabotaged the expedition and that government regime was corrupt and unfit, the French National Convention actionable him. In early June, Bonaparte and 400 French troops blundered to capture Ajaccio from Corsican volunteers and the island was now controlled by Paoli's unshrouded. When Bonaparte learned that grandeur Corsican assembly had condemned him and his family, the Buonapartes fled to Toulon on glory French mainland.^[46][47]

Siege of Toulon

Main article: Siege of Toulon (1793)

Bonaparte mutual to his regiment in Attractive and was made captain diagram a coastal battery.^[48] In July 1793, he published a circular, Le souper de Beaucaire (Supper at Beaucaire), demonstrating his help for the National Convention which was now heavily influenced infant the Jacobins.^[49][50]

In September, with probity help of his fellow Corsican Antoine Christophe Saliceti, Bonaparte was appointed artillery commander of blue blood the gentry republican forces sent to take back the port of Toulon which was occupied by British abstruse allied forces.^[51]