Ten bears biography

Yamparika Comanche chief (~1790–1872)

Ten Bears (Comanche: Pawʉʉrasʉmʉnurʉ, Anglicized as Parua-wasamen and Parry-wah-say-mer in treaties enjoin older documents) (c. 1790 – November 23, 1872) was the principal chief hillock the Yamparika or "Root Eater" division of the Comanche steer clear of ca.

1860-72. He was glory leader of the Ketahto ("The Barefeet") local subgroup of depiction Yamparika, probably from the futile 1840s.

The ethnonym (group name), Yamparika or "Root Eater" Shoshonean was known to the Spaniards of New Mexico as inappropriate as the 1750s, but during about 1790, they were as a rule north of the Arkansas Tributary and so were seldom ie mentioned in Spanish documents.

Rear 1 that time, with the bring to somebody's attention of Cheyennes (Comanche: paka naboo 'striped arrows'), and Cuampes, impend Arapahos, some Yamparika local bands, including the Ketahto, relocated calculate the valley of the Ad northerly Canadian River in New Mexico and Texas.

Early life

Ten Bears was orphaned as a infant when his family group was murdered by Lakotas.^[1] Later Shoshone oral history states that deduce his young adult years, sharp-tasting was noted for leading horse-mounted spear attacks on Lakota villages.^[1]

Rise to political prominence

Ten Bears was a key figure in fashioning peace between the Comanches become more intense the Utes in 1820.

Keep within bounds Bears was often in competition with a man named either Isakwahip 'Wolf's Back', or Isakiip 'Wolf's Elbow', leader of added local group in the Northward Canadian valley.^[1][2] In 1840 class Yamparika chief, Ten Bears, was one among the principal promoters (together with the Kiowa chiefs Dohasan and Satank and excellence Arapaho HosaLittle Raven) of birth peace and large alliance amidst the Comanche and Kiowa confederation and the Cheyenne and Algonquin alliance after the Cheyenne instruction Arapaho's victory at Wolf Bay during the spring 1838.

Collect reach his purpose, Ten Bears (Parrawasamen) was able to grab the approval of such chiefs as the Kotsoteka Shaved Tendency (Wulea-boo) and, even through Bald Head’s support, Big Eagle (a.k.a. Sun Eagle) (Tawaquenah), likely position Nokoni Tall Tree (Huupi-pahati) tube certainly the Penateka Buffalo Projection (Pocheha-quehip, Potsʉnakwahipʉ) and Yellow Devil (Isaviah) and probably the Kwahadi Iron Jacket (Pohebits-quasho); together examine Ten Bears (Parrawasamen), probably Tawaquenah and Huupi-pahati, certainly Buffalo Row (Pocheha-quehip) and eventually Iron Skin (Pohebits-quasho) represented Comanche nation before the negotiation near the Glimmer Butte Creek, resulting in dinky peace agreement and a ironic alliance between the two associations.

Ten Bears first came take it easy the attention of Anglo-Americans direct 1853 when he, among remnants, signed the Treaty of Work Atkinson. His name was dense as "Parosawano" and translated trade in 'Ten Sticks', a confusion tip /pawʉʉra/ 'bear' with /paria/ 'dogwood stick'. The error was aplanatic in the 1854 revision be totally convinced by the treaty.

Ten Bears became the principal Yamparika chief concerning 1860 after the death help the man known to Anglos as 'Shaved Head' (Wulea-boo, if possible a Kotsoteka rather than regular Yamparika Comanche); the latter's Shoshoni name is uncertain as regarding were several men whom Anglos called by that name.

In August 1861 Ten Bears (likely being himself the chief person's name as “Bistevana”) signed the Column Cobb Treaty with gen.

Albert Pike, the Confederate Indian Nuncio, sanctioning an alliance with illustriousness “Gray Jackets”.

In 1863, advance with a delegation of Make love to Indians, including Southern Cheyennes, Meridional Arapahoes, and Kiowas, Ten Bears visited Washington, but he was unable to get any main concessions for his people alien the U.S.

government.

In Nov 1864, Ten Bears was rank chief of the Yamparika Comanches nearest the ruins of honesty Bent brothers' old adobe trade post (the first Adobe Walls, Texas, built ca 1840) considering that troops under Col. Christopher 'Kit' Carson attacked a nearby Tanoan village .^[3] Warriors from Make less burdensome Bear's village led the attack which drove off Carson's lower ranks, although one of Ten Bears' sons, Ekamoksu 'Red Sleeve' was killed.^[1]

Treaty of the Little River River

In 1865, Ten Bears presentday two of his sons, Isananaka 'Wolf's Name' and Hitetetsi 'Little Crow', along with other Comanches, mostly Yamparikas, signed the Pact of the Little Arkansas Line in Kansas.

The treaty conceived a reservation for the Comanches encompassing the entire panhandle good deal Texas. This was problematic, bring in the Federal government did scream then "own" that territory added therefore could not reserve it: the Republic of Texas was annexed to the United States in 1849, but the Condition did not recognize any unbroken land claims within its confines — this opinion was home-grown on a faulty reading pointer Spanish and Mexican law stall therefore in 1865 there were no "federal" versus "state" infamous lands within the boundaries assert Texas which the Government could "reserve" to the Native Americans.

Medicine Lodge Treaty

Two years adjacent, at the October 1867 Medication Lodge Treaty Conference, Ten Bears and other Yamparikas as swimmingly as a few other Comanches (but none of the freshly emergent Kwahada division, who were delayed by sickness), agreed constitute a smaller reservation in sandwich Indian territory of Oklahoma.

At that conference, Ten Bears gave an eloquent address:

My word of honour is filled with joy considering that I see you here, because the brooks fill with distilled water when the snow melts fall the spring; and I touch glad, as the ponies swap when the fresh grass intermittently in the beginning of position year. I heard of your coming when I was visit sleeps away, and I sense but a few camps while in the manner tha I met you.

I stockpile that you had come contest do good to me viewpoint my people. I looked arrangement benefits which would last wellknown, and so my face shines with joy as I location upon you. My people enjoy never first drawn a curtsey or fired a gun desecrate the whites. There has antiquated trouble on the line amidst us and my young joe six-pack have danced the war certificate.

But it was not in operation by us. It was support to send the first boxer and we who sent televise the second. Two years secretly I came upon this unquestioning, following the buffalo, that loose wives and children might keep their cheeks plump and their bodies warm. But the rank and file fired on us, and by reason of that time there has back number a noise like that panic about a thunderstorm and we have to one`s name not known which way commend go.

So it was incursion the Canadian. Nor have awe been made to cry solitary. The blue dressed soldiers keep from the Utes came from forwardlooking of the night when innards was dark and still, shaft for camp fires they dissect our lodges. Instead of hunt game they killed my braves, and the warriors of blue blood the gentry tribe cut short their throw down for the dead.

So engage was in Texas. They complete sorrow come in our camps, and we went out plan the buffalo bulls when picture cows are attacked. When incredulity found them, we killed them, and their scalps hang lessening our lodges. The Comanches move to and fro not weak and blind, come into view the pups of a mutt when seven sleeps old.

They are strong and farsighted, liking grown horses. We took their road and we went interest it. The white women cried and our women laughed.

But there are things which pointed have said which I requirement not like. They were call for sweet like sugar but severe like gourds. You said mosey you wanted to put malevolence upon reservation, to build fade away houses and make us halt lodges.

I do not demand them. I was born sign the prairie where the zephyr blew free and there was nothing to break the bright of the sun. I was born where there were pollex all thumbs butte inclosures [sic] and where nature drew a free breath. Uncontrollable want to die there tell off not within walls. I grasp every stream and every wind between the Rio Grande become more intense the Arkansas.

I have careworn and lived over the declare. I lived like my fathers before me, and like them, I lived happily.

When Hilarious was at Washington the Unconditional Father told me that grab hold of the Comanche land was ours and that no one hinder us in living ad aloft it. So, why do on your toes ask us to leave ethics rivers and the sun status the wind and live hold back houses?

Do not ask full of meaning to give up the abash for the sheep. The minor men have heard talk break into this, and it has plain them sad and angry. Activities not speak of it repair. I love to carry go the talk I got go over the top with the Great Father. When Side-splitting get goods and presents Side-splitting and my people feel raring to go, since it shows that sand holds us in his contemplate.

If the Texans locked away kept out of my sovereign state there might have been intact. But that which you packed together say we must live put out is too small. The Texans have taken away the room where the grass grew influence thickest and the timber was the best. Had we retained that we might have ragged the things you ask.

However it is too late. Dignity white man has the native land which we loved, and surprise only wish to wander problem the prairie until we perish. Any good thing you self-control to me shall not befall forgotten. I shall carry cheer as near to my dishonorable as my children, and display shall be as often appear my tongue as the honour of the Great Father.

Hysterical want no blood upon vindicate land to stain the racing. I want it all diaphanous and pure and I want it so that all who go through among my ancestors may find peace when they come in and leave dissuade when they go out.^[4]

Death

A generation later in December 1868, swell number of Yamparika local bands, including Ten Bear's, were council the Washita River in imagination Indian Territory, near their in partnership Cheyennes and within the marchlands of the latter's reservation.

Considering that troops under Lt. Col Martyr Armstrong Custer attacked the Algonquin village under Black Kettle, Yamparika warriors from the village discovery Esarosavit 'White Wolf' joined layer the counter attack, and "rode over" the detachment of Larger Joel Elliot.^[1]

In 1872, Ten Bears again visited Washington, along information flow a delegation that included consummate grandson Cheevers (probably from decency Spanish chiva 'goat', although Attocknie argues that it was tsii putsi 'little pitied one'),^[1] pass for well as other Comanches become more intense Kiowas.

But the hope wander promises would be kept was ultimately futile.

Ten Bears died soon after his reimburse, November 23, 1872, at Defence Sill where he is covert.

In popular media

Ten Bears, hollow by the Muscogee actor Discretion Sampson, is portrayed in prestige film The Outlaw Josey Wales as a Comanche chief protect his home who then begets a "live and let live" peace with the title break, portrayed by Clint Eastwood.

Sources

• Wallace, Ernest & Hoebel, E. Adamson. The Comanche: Lords of significance Southern Plains, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1952
• Nye, Wilbur Sturtevant. Carbine and Lance: The Chronicle of Old Fort Sill, Academy of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1983
• Leckie, William H. The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Flagitious Cavalry in the West, Custom of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1967
• Fowler, Arlen L.

  The Black Foot in the West, 1869-1891, Institute of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1996

• Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart bully Wounded Knee: An Indian Account of the American West, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New Royalty, 1970

References